Explanation and understanding of terms frequently encountered in general

Terms that we meet in different places, or from various books actually encourages us to more easily understand the sentences that are written by the author in his book or to the people who listened when no one spoke. However, judging from the fact, even the terms used it actually makes a lot of people are overwhelmed in digesting the contents of an existing sentence. Theoretically, the term is indeed helping the user to assimilate or understand the existing sentence. However, in practice it is not all able to understand. Therefore, the following general terms that we often see and hear.

Image from www.vanderwereld.com

 

Aborigines. Is the term for natives of a country or region. The term is actually not that Aborigines were the tribe who settled in Australia. In fact, the term Aborigines at first used to refer to the population from the area around Rome, to then had been developed with use of the term for natives of other regions to differentiate by settlers or colonists. As an illustration, the Indian tribe is a Native American or American Aborigines. At present, the term Aborigines is often used to refer to indigenous people in Australia alone.

Provoecatus abortion. Abortion means termination of in the contents of the womb before the fetus can live. However, a slightly different course as abortion, the definition of abortion is the termination Provoecatus browse content by accident. In some countries, abortion is considered a provoecatus a crime, unless on account of the life safety of the mother. However, in some countries even advocated a form of abortion as the most powerful tool for birth control.

Absenteeism. Is a system that is made ​​to monitor and get results from the land of or outside the capital region. This system had also taken place in Indonesia that was ever known to the term "land of absente" or "Tanah Absente" to designate a plot of land or fields whose owners reside outside the region or area.

Absolute. Absolute word itself comes from the Latin word "Absolustus" which roughly means absolute or decisive. Absolute terms originally used by philosophers to show the reality of the universe as seen by them as a system consisting of various parts where each part is interrelated and mutually need each other. Circumstances related to each other is one thing that is absolutely and definitely for preservation of the universe. 

In a political sense, the term absolute bias and develop into an arbitrary / at will and absolute (inviolable by any means). An absolute king said when he was controlling his power in a way of arbitrary and absolute. Here the position of king is as legislators, law enforcement and also prosecute and punish offenders against the law.

Absolute Majority. Is a term meaning the absolute majority of votes. One of the criteria in the decision-making through voting that emphasizes the overall majority of votes there.

Absolutism. The term of this absolutism in the political sense is defined as a form of government in which all powers of governance is devoted to the interests of an individual or group. Theoretically could be argued that in an absolute government is not known whether the restrictions are legal, moral or other restrictions against a ruling group or the holders of government.

Some theorists argue that in general felt himself absolute ruler of the most knowledgeable about what is best for his country. And even some absolute ruler who raised him as a representative of God to rule his country. The latter is assumed that he ruled over God's guidance and approval so that no one is allowed to limit his power.

In addition, there are other theorists who argue that man himself is basically the right to organize and govern themselves, and the man himself the right to determine her interaction with others. However, the reality shows that are difficult to find a government that truly avoid the influence of community opinions and reactions, the influence of other countries, the moral habits or freed from the influence of groups that exist in the country.

Reference:

Ensiklopedi Poltika work Drs. Cheppy Hari Cahyono dan Drs. Suparlan Alhakim

Common definitions and explanations of the Sensor and Relay on the electrical system

Relay is a switch that is controlled by the current. Relay has a low-voltage coil is wound on a core. There is an iron armature core when it is pulled towards the current flowing through the coil. Armature is mounted on a spring-loaded task. When the armature is attracted to, contact with the track will change the position of the contacts are normally closed to normally open contacts.

 
A relay of this type can be activated in about 10 ms. Most of modern relay is placed in a package that is fully sealed. Most of them have the kind of SPDT contacts (sliding switch), but there are also several versions of DPDT (double-pole, double throw or double-pole, two-way). Relays that can connect the larger currents up to 10 A at a voltage of 250 V AC. The maximum DC voltage for switching is always much lower, often only half, of the maximum voltage to AC. There are also miniature relays.

Sometimes we have to use a transistor circuit for controlling a high power device. Such devices may require a larger current or voltage that is higher than what is handled by a power transistor. Or maybe have to switch the AC current, which is a matter beyond the capability of the transistor. In situations of this kind requires the user to use the relay.

 
The sensor used is a thermistor. This component controls a FET switch circuit, which in turn serves as a switch to a relay circuit. Cognac - relay contacts to control a space heater powered by electricity from the source.

 

 

As is the case in almost all series of switches, the first stage of this circuit is a voltage divider. A variable resistor used to set the temperature values ​​are used as the trigger point. There is no resistor between voltage divider with FET gate terminal.

 
When the temperature falls, R2 will increase resistance, resulting voltage at the wiper VR1 increased. Q1 becomes active when this voltage exceeds the threshold voltage. Current flows through Q1 and the relay coil (RL). D1 serves as a protective diode. Serves as a relay switch that connect and disconnect the electricity of a chain of separate power, used his contacts are normally open. When current flows through the coil of the relay, the relay contacts are normally open to close. Heating circuit will be connected to the power circuit and the heater will turn on. Heater will light up the room temperature reaches a predetermined value.

Light emitting diode, the which is more known as LEDs, Produce light when current flows through it. Led initially only made ​​in red, but now the color of orange, yellow, green, blue, and white are also available on the market. There are also infrared LEDs That Produce.  

Requires about 20 mA LED current to emit light with maximum brightness, although the currents as small as 5 mA was still Able to Produce visible light. LED forward voltage drop an average of 1.5 V, so the supply voltage of 2 V can turn most of the LEDs with maximum brightness. With higher voltage levels, LED forward voltage can be burned if given more than 2 V, and crucial limiting resistor connected in series to the flow of a LED.

What is the effect of a layered core emits alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma particles?

Each element has one or more isotopes are unstable nucleus will experience radioactive decay, causing the release core particles or electromagnetic radiation. Radioactivity can occur when the core radius is very large compared to the radius of the strong force (only works at distances of about 1 femtometer). Forms of radioactive decay is the most common are:

 

Alpha Decay

Image from Wikipedia

When an atom emits an alpha particle in alpha decay, the atom's mass number decreases by four due to the loss of the four nucleons in the alpha particle. The atomic number of the atom goes down by exactly two, as a result of the loss of two protons – the atom becomes a new element. Examples of this sort of nuclear transmutation are when uranium becomes thorium, or radium becomes radon gas, due to alpha decay. Alpha particles are commonly emitted by all of the larger radioactive nuclei such as uranium, thorium, actinium, and radium, as well as the transuranic elements. Unlike other types of decay, alpha decay as a process must have a minimum-size atomic nucleus that can support it.The process of emitting an alpha sometimes leaves the nucleus in an excited state, with the emission of a gamma ray removing the excess energy.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particle)

Beta Decay
In the beta decay of particles, there are three ways that will be passed to the event are:

Image from Wikipedia

β⁻ decay (electron emission). An unstable atomic nucleus with an excess of neutrons may undergo β− decay, where a neutron is converted into a proton, an electron and an electron-type antineutrino (the antiparticle of the neutrino)

β⁺ decay (positron emission). Unstable atomic nuclei with an excess of protons may undergo β⁺ decay, also called positron decay, where a proton is converted into a neutron, a positron and an electron-type neutrino.

Interaction with other matter. Of the three common types of radiation given off by radioactive materials, alpha, beta and gamma, beta has the medium penetrating power and the medium ionising power. Although the beta particles given off by different radioactive materials vary in energy, most beta particles can be stopped by a few millimeters of aluminium. Being composed of charged particles, beta radiation is more strongly ionising than gamma radiation. When passing through matter, a beta particle is decelerated by electromagnetic interactions and may give off bremsstrahlung x-rays. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_particle)

Gamma Decay/ Gamma Radiation

Image from Wikipedia

Gamma radiation, also known as gamma rays or hyphenated as gamma-rays and denoted as γ, is electromagnetic radiation of high frequency and therefore energy. Gamma rays are ionizing radiation and are thus biologically hazardous. Gamma rays are classically produced by the decay from high energy states of atomic nuclei (gamma decay), but also in many other ways. Natural sources of gamma rays on Earth include gamma decay from naturally-occurring radioisotopes such as potassium-40, and also as a secondary radiation from various atmospheric interactions with cosmic ray particles. Some rare terrestrial natural sources that produce gamma rays that are not of a nuclear origin, are lightning strikes and terrestrial gamma-ray flashes, which produce high energy emissions from natural high-energy voltages.

Gamma rays from radioactive gamma decay are produced alongside other forms of radiation such as alpha or beta, and are produced after the other types of decay occur. The mechanism is that when a nucleus emits an α or β particle, the daughter nucleus is usually left in an excited state. It can then move to a lower energy state by emitting a gamma ray, in much the same way that an atomic electron can jump to a lower energy state by emitting a photon.Gamma decay from excited states may also follow nuclear reactions such as neutron capture, nuclear fission, or nuclear fusion. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray)

when the nucleus emits an alpha particle, it loses two protons and two neutrons. When the atomic nucleus emits beta particles, neutrons to protons changes. When the atomic nuclei emit gamma rays that reconfigure the core, itself into a high state of energy.

 
All radioactive elements will decay within a certain period, the decay of the light it emits alpha, beta, and gamma in order to achieve a stable level or state. For example:

 

 

Some terms used in the disciplines of Politics, Government, and Law.

In studying the discipline of political science then we need to understand the terms used in the art. Terms in political science are the parts of government, laws and power. So, many people who studied political science tend to have a confusion regarding the terms or words that are not often spoken every day. There are so many words or terms that I would write this article, of course, this also comes from the book / reference that I took. Here are some terms which will be continue.

A.B.C. Powers. Refer to a partnership / Entente between the three countries in the American south. Namely, Argentina, Brazil and Chile are formed at the beginning of the twentieth century. Entente (the term co-operation) is growing and developing of the agreements between the three countries in the matter of arbitration or other issues, the talk of the years 1899 to 1905. Measures and diplomatic talks in the years to further strengthen the Entente, for later in 1915 a peace agreement and the issue of arbitration agreed by the three countries. That effort culminated in 1914, when U.S. President Woodrow Wilson asked for the three nations to mediate problems between the United States with Mexico.

ABDACOM. The word is an abbreviation of the American British Dutch, Australian Command. Which is a military command established by the United States to face attacks by the Japanese in Southeast Asia and East Asia in 1942.

Abdication. In general, the meaning of this word is a verb that meant resignation. However, in the sense of political science is usually used to indicate the resignation of a supreme ruler of the country. This means that abdication is only addressed to the supreme authority in a STATE. The resignation could be done voluntarily, as the case experienced by queen Christina of Sweden which released in 1654 by the crown because he wanted to embrace the Roman-Catholic religion. But besides that the resignation of a supreme ruler can also occur because of forced circumstances, such as the failure of the authorities to control the government so it was forced to step down and relinquish power and position.

Abolition. Is the right to prohibit a punishment that will be imposed on a person before a decision handed down by a judge. In Indonesia, as in other countries that a republic, the right of pardon was granted to the President.

Abolisionist. The word refers to the term used to refer to someone who opposes the practice of slavery. This term began to grow and is very popular during the civil war, and is used to refer to particular individuals or groups who fight for the emancipation of slaves in America. Then the term is more widespread and is also used to refer to the freedom fighters in Africa, Latin America and the rest of the world who opposed slavery.

Hadits Kedua dalam ajaran Islam

Arti Hadits:

Dari Umar radhiyallahu `anhu juga dia berkata: Ketika kami duduk-duduk disisi Rasullullah shallahu`alaihi wa sallam suatu hari tiba-tiba datanglah seorang laki-laki yang mengenakan baju yang sangat putih dan berambut sangat hitam, tidak tampak padanya bekas-bekas perjalanan jauh dan tidak ada seorangpun di antara kami yang mengenalnya. Hingga kemudian dia duduk di hadapan Nabi lalu menempelkan kedua lututnya kepada lututnya Rasullullah shallahu `alaihi wa sallam seraya berkata, "Ya Muhammad, beritahukan aku tentang Islam?", Maka bersabdalah Rasullulah shallahu`alaihi wa sallam: "Islam adalah engkau bersaksi bahwa tidak ada ilah (tuhan yang disembah) selain Allah, dan bahwa Nabi Muhammad adalah utusan Allah, engkau mendirikan shalat, menunaikan zakat, puasa Ramadhan dan pergi haji jika mampu", kemudian dia berkata, "anda benar". Kami semua heran, dia yang bertanya dia pula yang membenarkan. Kemudian dia bertanya lagi: "Beritahukan aku tentang Iman". Lalu beliau bersabda, "Engkau beriman kepada Allah, malaikat-malaikat-Nya, kitab-kitab-Nya, rasul-rasul-Nya dan hari akhir dan engkau beriman kepada takdir yang baik maupun yang buruk", kemudian dia berkata "anda benar". Kemudian dia berkata lagi: "Beritahukan aku tentang ihsan". Lalu beliau bersabda, "Ihsan adalah engkau beribadah kepada Allah seakan-akan engkau melihatnya, jika engkau tidak melihatnya maka Dia melihat engkau". Kemudian dia berkata, "Beritahukan aku tentang hari kiamat (kapan kejadiannya)". Beliau bersabda, "Yang ditanya tidak lebih tahu dari yang bertana". Dia berkata, "Beritahukan aku tentang tanda-tandanya", beliau bersabda, "Jika seorang hamba melahirkan tuannya dan jika engkau melihat seorang bertelanjang kaki dan dada, miskin lagi penggembala domba, (kemudian) orang itu berlalu dan aku berdiam sebentar. Kemudian beliau (Rasulullah shallahu`alaihi wa sallam) bertanya, " Tahukan engkau siapa yang bertanya?". Aku berkata, " Allah dan Rasul-Nya lebih mengetahui". Beliau bersabda, "Dia adalah Jibril yang datang kepada kalian (bermaksud) mengajarkan agama kalian". (Riwayat Muslim)

Hadits di atas menggambarkan bagaimana sebuah ajaran islam itu diajarkan dengan metode-metode yang mudah tetapi tidak bisa dibuat mudah. Ada beberapa aturan-aturan yang harus dipahami dan diikuti dalam prosesnya. Secara umum, hadits di atas memberikan kita pembelajaran mengenai rukun islam dan rukun iman.

Hadits ini merupakan hadits yang sangat dalam maknanya, karena didalamnya terdapat pokok-pokok ajaran Islam, yaitu Iman, Islam dan Ihsan. Hadits ini mengandung makna yang sangat agung karena bersal dari dua makhluk Allah yang terpercaya, yaitu: Amiinussamaa' (kepercayaan makhluk di langit/ Jibril) dan Amiinul Ardh (kepercayaan makhluk di bumi/ Rasulullah shallahu`alaihi wa sallam).

Kandungan Hadits:

• Disunnahkan untuk memperhatikan kondisi pakaian, penampilan dan kebersihan, khususnya jika menghadapi ulama, orang-orang mulia dan penguasa.
• Siapa yang menghadiri majlis ilmu dan menangkap bahwa orang-orang yang hadir butuh untuk mengetahui suatu masalah dan tidak ada seorangpun yang bertanya, maka wajib baginya bertanya tentang hal tersebut meskipun dia mengetahuinya agar peserta yang hadir dapat mengambil manfaat darinya.
• Jika seseorang yang ditanya tentang sesuatu maka tidak ada cela baginya untuk berkata, "Saya tidak tahu", dan hal tersebut tidak mengurangi kedudukannya.  
• Kemungkinan malaikat tampil dalam wujud manusia.
• Termasuk tanda hari kiamat adalah banyaknya pembangkangan terhadap kedua orang tua. Sehingga anak-anak memperlakukan kedua orang tuanya sebagaimana seorang tuan memperlakukan hamba-sahayanya.
• Tidak disukainya mendirikan bangunan yang tinggi dan membaguskannya selama tidak dibutuhkan.
• Di dalamnya terdapat dalil bahwa perkara ghaib tidak ada yang mengetahuinya selain Allah ta`ala.
• Di dalamnya terdapat keterangan tentang adab dan cara duduk dalam majlis ilmu.

Hadits di atas secara umum memberikan ajaran-ajaran islam yang diawali dengan: 

1. Iman kepada Allah
2. Iman kepada Malaikat-Malaikat-Nya
3. Iman kepada Kitab-Kitab-Nya
4. Iman kepada Rasul-Rasul-Nya
5. Iman kepada Hari Akhir
6. Iman kepada Takdir yang baik maupun yang buruk

dan apabila mengimani hal tersebut maka sudah merupakan titik awal pembelajaran Islam dan melaksanakan perintah dari Allah yaitu

1. Bersyahadat
2. Mendirikan Shalat
3. Menunaikan Zakat
4. Puasa di Bulan Ramadhan
5. Pergi Haji bagi yang mampu

Kandungan Hadits di atas dapat juga di jumpai di dalam Alquran:

Iman. Terdapat pada Surah Al Baqarah Ayat ke 285, Surah Al Maaidah Ayat ke 5 dan Surah Al An`aam ayat ke 82 serta masih banyak lagi.

Islam. Tedapat pada Surah Al Baqarah Ayat ke 112, Surah An Nisaa' Ayat ke 125, Surah Al Jin ayat ke 14, Surah Al Mu`min Ayat ke 66, Surah Ali `Imran ayat ke 19 dan Surah Al Maaidah Ayat ke 3.

Ihsan. Terdapat pada Surah Al Kahfi ayat ke 30, Surah Al Qashash Ayat ke 77, Surah Al Israa' Ayat ke 7, Surah Al Maaidah Ayat ke 5.

Hari Akhir. Surah Al A`raaf Ayat ke 187, Surah Al Hajj Ayat ke 7, dan Surah Luqman Ayat ke 34.

Ilmu Ghaib/ Allah. Surah Al Baqarah Ayat ke 3, Surah An Naml Ayat ke 65, Surah Al An`aam Ayat ke 50, Surah Al A`raaf Ayat ke 188.

Belajar dan Mengajarkan Islam. Surah An Nahl Ayat ke 43, Surah Al Anbiyaa' Ayat ke 7, Surah Ali `Imran Ayat ke 79, Surah At Taubah Ayat ke 122.

Referensi : 
Hadits Arba`in Nawawiyah karya Imam Abu Zakaria Yahya Bin Asyraf An-Nawawi
(Penerjemah Abdullah Haidhir dan Murajaah Dr. Muh. Mu`inudinillah Bashri dan Maerwandi Tarmizi)