Anthropology, basic and general understanding

Anthropology comes from the Greek word άνθρωπος (read: anthropos), which means "man" or "person," and logos meaning "discourse" (in the sense of "reason", "rational"). Anthropological study of man as a social being biological beings as well.

Anthropology has two sides which examined the holistic human in every time and every dimension of humanity. The mainstream is that traditionally separates anthropology from other humanitarian disciplines that emphasize the comparison / cultural differences between people. Although this side so much debate and a controversy that anthropological methods now often done in research focusing on a single community residents.

Academically, Anthropology trying to reach an understanding of human physical, human society, and human culture. Practically, Anthropology trying to build a view that human and cultural differences is a matter that should be accepted, not as a source of conflict but as a source of new insights, to continuously humans can reflect themselves. Practically, the study Antrophology can be used to build community and culture without having to create a society and culture, loss of identity or eliminated from civilization.

Phases of the development of anthropology in the world Science

During its development, the science of anthropology is one of the disciplines that could affect the pattern of human life. Interactions that exist among humans could create a civilization and culture are based on agreements that happen. Knowledge of materials are often used in discussing human life itself is one of anthropology. Hence, let's start this article with a glance at the first phase of the development of anthropology.

The first phase (before the year 1800). Tribes of indigenous peoples of Africa, Asia and America began to be visited by Europeans since the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th century and during the four centuries of the newcomers are settling in areas inhabited by indigenous people. Call it like the Spanish, Portuguese is able to reach areas in Asia and America. France and Britain were able to come to the black continent or continent of Africa. Together with their arrival, the start of a collection of books of travel stories, reports, and so forth, the fruit of the hands of travelers, sailors, priests and various other woods thing. All that makes a new society that will survive until this century.

(source image from http://anthropology.fisip.ui.ac.id) 

Second phase (Approximately Mid-19th Century). A significant new processes arising in the mid-19th century. In short, society and human culture have evolved very slowly in a period of thousands of years old, from low levels. At that time the desire of people who want to write different kinds of stories the facts and non-fact to provide a valuable legacy to the future. European nations at that time regarded as laying the first stone of a high civilization to cultures outside the European nations are considered to be the remains.

The third phase (beginning 20th century). In the 20th century, most of the countries in the European colonizers each managed to achieve stability of power in the colonies outside of Europe. Closely concerned with the power arises an idea to study the colonized nations as a public curiosity at the time. An understanding of the complex is not when there is a sense of community that will add a sense of what is called a complex society? In this phase, the science of anthropology into a practical science, and its purpose can be defined as "the science that studies society and culture of the nations outside of Europe in the interests of the colonial government and to get an understanding of today's complex society.

Fourth Phase (After about 1930). In this phase, the science of anthropology has the most extensive period of development, both on the increasing knowledge of the material much more thoroughly, and the sharpness of scientific methods. Unless we see that there are two changes in the world: 

The emergence of antipathy toward colonialism after World War II and the rapid loss of primitive peoples in terms of the indigenous communities that still depend on nature and cultures isolated from the outside. Regarding the goal, the new science of anthropology in the fourth phase of its development can be divided into two, namely academics goals and practical goals. Academics goal is to reach an understanding of human beings in general by studying the physical form is colorful, community, and culture. While for practical purposes is a study of man in colorful tribal society in order to build a civilization in the tribal society was.

Conflict between people in human life

It has been argued that a narrative is composed of a series of gestures are associated with a meaning. This meaning is almost always arises from a dispute or conflict of the forces that stimulate our attention to see how the situation was resolved. The motivation of our humanity in all types of dispute or conflict is a very strong narrative base, thus also contain a strong power to attract the attention of someone.

From real life, we often experience that if disputes arise on the highway, it soon will be sought in a mass in place of the incident. In an athletic game, thousands of spectators will watch sporting events that crowded. Political battle between two giant forces or between the two parties will be followed carefully and attentively by the thousands and even millions of people. Similarly, discussion or debate about the competition, grabbing the championship, or concerning the rights and interests of citizens, and the success or harm our neighbor will not escape the observation and will be the talk of the area. All this was interesting because it contains conflict, contain conflicts that characterize and form the basis point.

Conflict between people is a battle against another man, one against another group in power, one group against another group, a country against another country, because their rights were raped. Such conflicts arise in the form of warfare involving all countries or most countries in the world, the battle between a group of people in the country against the government of that country, or fight rivals in trade, the fight between the parties gaining seats in the House of Representatives, thereby also struggle for positions in government, competition between groups in society, and also fight or a fight between one another because of a personal problem.

The study of cultural value orientation

A field study conducted in the science of psychology anthropology rather different from what is described above is the study of cultural value orientations developed by Clyde Kluckhohn and his wife, Florence Kluckhohn. They felt that in order to culture systems of every culture there are a series of abstract concepts and broad scope, which live in the minds of most citizens, about what should be considered important and valuable in life.

Thus, the system of cultural values that also serves as an orientation guide for all human action in his life. A system of cultural values is a good system that measures higher than the system-system of other actions, such as rules of politeness, and so forth. Since childhood, an individual has been impregnated with cultural values of society so that the concepts that have been rooted in the mentality and then replaced with another difficult in a short time.

Conception of the contents of the system of cultural values, which are universally present in every culture in the world, gradually developed by C. and F. Kluckhohn. According to Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, the questions of the most high value on human life and which exists in every culture in the world, involving at least five things:

• Human nature, or the meaning of human life
• Man's nature, about the meaning of man's relationship with the natural surrounding
• Time, human perception of time
• Activity, about the meaning of work, work and charitable deeds
• Relational, man's relationship with fellow human beings

Of the five issues above, technically often called the value orientations.

Definition of five science section from anthropology

Paleo-anthropology is a science that examines the question of the origin or about the occurrence and development of human beings as research objects using the remains of the body that has been petrified, or human fossils, from earlier eras are stored in layers of earth and which must be obtained by the researchers with various methods of excavation. 

Physical Anthropology in a special meaning is part of the science of anthropology who tried to reach an understanding about the history of human beings of different colors in the light of the characteristics of his body as an object of research. The characteristics of a good body is born (phenotype) such as skin color, hair color and shape, the index of the skull, face shape, eye color, nose shape, height and body shape and so forth. All of that is the object of research as well as those looking from the inside (genotype) as the frequency of blood type. Man on earth can be classified into certain groups based on similarities of some of the characteristics of the existing body of most of the other individual. Actually, each individual is, has the characteristics of different body. Groups of people like that in the science of anthropology called the race. Understanding of the different colors of the races in the world was achieved by scholars, especially by trying to run the various methods of classification of the different colors. Part of the science of anthropology is often called physical anthropology in a special meaning or somatologi. 

Ethnolinguistic is a science section on its origin is closely concerned with the science of anthropology. Research object in the form of a list of words, draw-delineation of the characteristics, and delineation, delineation of the grammar of local languages are scattered in various places on earth, gathered together with material about the elements of tribal culture something nation. From these materials have been developed various methods of language analysis, various issues about the relationship between language and culture, and the methods to analyze and record the languages that are not familiar with writing. All materials and methods are at this present moment has been processed into a common linguistic science. In terms of the role of language in human life, science ethnolinguistic already exists in various parts of the world as closely related to anthropology. 

Prehistori studying the historical development and spread of human culture on earth in an age before man know letters. In science the whole time history of human development, starting time of the human beings, is roughly 2 million years ago, until now, is divided into two parts, namely a time before humans recognize letters and the period after the man know letters. Boundary between the two this time in various places in the world and in different cultures of course very different. Culture of Egypt for example is the oldest known writing culture, is approximately 4000 years BC. Culture Minoa contained traces on the island of Crete, knowing the writing already about 3000 years BC. Similarly, culture Yemdet Nasar contained in southern Iraq, or culture Harapa-Mohenjodaro, which is on the river Sind Pakistan. The objects of investigation of the sub-science prehistori are traces of a form of cultural objects and tools or artifacts that are stored in layers of earth which is the legacy of previous human. It's too often people say knowledge prehistori also called the science of archeology. 

Ethnology is the science part is trying to reach understanding on the basics of human culture, by studying the culture in public life from as many ethnic groups spread across the face of the earth at the present time. More specifically in the sub-science of ethnology. In ethnology process and integrate into a single research results from sub-sub-science of physical anthropology, ethnolinguistic, prehistori science, and ethnography.

sciences section of Anthropology

Science of anthropology is now in the broadest meaning of anthropos or human beings learn. Many other scientific study of human beings that each of its corners on their own, but the science of anthropology attention to five issues regarding the man himself, is: 

• Issues of history and human development as biological beings Problems colorful history of human beings, in the light of his characteristic
• Distribution problems and the occurrence of different colors language spoken by people around the world
• Developmental problems, the spread and occurrence of different colors of human culture around the world
• Problems basics and colorful human culture in the lives of communities and tribes that spread across the face of the earth today is

Five field studies aimed at solving the above fifth problem is so vast that each one is a part that requires science graduates who have a specific vocational. Associated with the specialism into five fields, the science of anthropology recognize science as well as five parts, namely:  

• Paleo-anthropology
• Physical Anthropology
• Ethnolinguistic
• Prehistori
• Ethnology