A General Explanation about Periodic Table

When you learn the exact sciences, especially in the fields of science such as physics and chemistry as well as engineering sciences and the application of science of course, you will be faced with the problem of how everything around us is formed, nothing is causing it all to form. However, my point here does not mean taking the principle of causality that leads to God the creator, but rather speaks to the flow of natural phenomena. 

Once upon a time, people saw the phenomena of nature occurring is a natural power that can not be followed. However, the development of science and technology has been growing rapidly teaches us how all the good things that are objects or events that are providing a scientific perspective to analysis and identify it. In 1869, when a chemical scientist from Russia published a journal about the elements is the reason why the world was created. Dmitri Mendeleev which is a chemical scientist who publishes word form Periodic Table of Elements is the reference for every student in the world to create new technologies that can solve every human problem on earth. 

Periodic Table of Elements is a method of classifying the elements that exist in this world, especially in the planet that describes the characteristics or attributes of the elements complete with electron configuration, atomic radius, atomic number indicates the number of protons and electrons, nature of the radioactivity of an element, electronegativity and others. This method helps students, especially among students and scientists in developing the technologies of the past, present and future.

In this method the elements of the periodic system there are rules about the period and group of the periodic system of elements due to the systematic preparation in a table. The system has the form:

Group. Often called a group or family in the periodic table of elements is a vertical column of elements in the periodic table. Naming class system is often used in teaching the properties of elements such as the number of outer electrons of each element. Here are some commonly used naming groups of scientists in classifying these elements:

• alkali metal
• Alkaline earth metal
• Boron Group
• Carbon Group
• Nitrogen Group
• Oxygen Group
• Halogen Group
• Noble Gas Group
• Transition Metal

Period. It is an arrangement of elements in the periodic system of elements vertically from left to right stating atomic radii and electronegativity properties and stability elements. Arrangement is called the period commonly used is the first period, the second, third as well lanthanides and actinida period.

 

The theory of evolution and explanation

The theory of evolution states with the purpose of life on earth is bent as a findings of prospect and emerged by itself from natural conditions. This theory is not a logical law or reality with the purpose of has been proven. Behind the mask of learning, this theory is a materialist vista of life crammed into society by Darwinists. The basics of this theory - which has been disproved by logical evidence in all fields - are all ways to influence and propaganda, consisting of deception, deception, contradiction, deception and illusion conjuring tricks.

Anticipated the theory of evolution as an imaginary hypothesis in the context of nineteenth-century systematic understanding is still weak, which to this period has not been supported by systematic test or discovery at all. Instead, all methods so as to ambition to demonstrate the validity of this theory truly nail clippings with proving its invalidity.

The theory of evolution does not meeting on the origin of the creation of living things, especially by hazard. Discuss the origin of life theories is the theory of abiogenesis contemporary. It's funny if you be looking for to refute the theory of evolution, but perform not know the difference evolution (origin of species) with the contemporary theory of abiogenesis (origin of life). The theory of evolution is additionally not a materialist propaganda. If pro not chatting on the role of God in it and in that case claimed materialist propaganda, all the tori technical materialist propaganda ought to additionally be considered as well. And again, present is refusal 'scientific evidence' to the theory of evolution. Conversely, it is not technical writings, is complete of dishonesty and propaganda and the complete of manipulation.

It is faithful to the theory of evolution was coined in the 19th century, which is comparatively excluding than the impart. But many technical theories and discoveries generated even big. And to theory proved improper will be aborted, while a proven theory will carry on, and growing with the progress of erudition. The theory of evolution has survived and industrial more as it is immediately through the same process.

Now, the various kindling of science such as paleontology. Genetics, biochemistry and molecular biology declare proved with the aim of living beings can not be formed by accidental or organize itself from natural conditions. Living cells, so the precise humankind permit, is the nearly everyone development construct forever imaginary by man. Modern science has revealed with the aim of the opening living cell has a construct and a range of development and interrelated systems, which are much more development than a full-size city. Complex construct such as this can just composition if both of its constituent parts appear all together and in an already fully functional. If not, the construct will not be expedient, and the longer it will be damaged and destroyed. There's rebuff way all the components in the cell was residential by accidental in a million years, such as the theory of evolution.

However, advocates of materialist attitude is unwilling to bow to the information of creation used for various ideological reasons. This is due to the materialization and development of the fill living in the affection of noble character who trained the devoted religion to mankind through the gifts of God are not the expectations of the materialists. People who grow up with no the moral and spiritual standards ​​among these are preferred, as they can manipulate such a society used for the benefit of their own worldly. That is why, the materialists try to remain to impose the theory of evolution - which contains the fib with the purpose of man was not bent, but it appears the end result of good fortune and evolved from animals - and, by all process, try to defend the theory of evolution in order to stay alive. The materialists leave collective be aware of and wisdom, and to defend this nonsense next to all opportunity, even though systematic evidence unmistakably has destroyed the theory of evolution and confirms the information of creation.

The truth has been proved so as to it is not on if the initially living cell - or even a single lone of the millions of protein molecules in the cell - can appear up to opportunity. This is not simply revealed through various experiments and observations, but plus through a arithmetical calculation of probabilities. In vogue other expressions, evolution fall on the initially step: So as to in explaining the appearance of the initially living cell.

The methods commonly used in determining the elements in the polymer

When a compound is connected with the same compound is formed of a continuous chain that has certain characteristics. In a simple sense that I explain what is called the polymer. As has been mentioned in books written in general polymer as a polymer composed of long strands of each monomer binding to the monomer. The length of the string or chain can reach hundreds or even thousands of interconnected monomer. In its website, wikipedia writing A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structural units. These sub-units are typically connected by covalent chemical bonds. Although the term polymer is sometimes taken to refer to plastics, it actually encompasses a large class of compounds comprising both natural and synthetic materials with a wide variety of properties.

Image from Wikipedia

In the current technological developments, many experts in physics, chemistry and polymer material that is the future of materials that are easy to come by. So great expectation addressed to polymeric materials to you, I am curious as well as a lot of people. No wonder that many experts in physics, chemistry, and material has been doing various kinds of research in the field of polymer so that the polymer at the present time this is a category of commercial polymers, such as call it petroleum, plastic gutter pipe PVC, textile polymers, polymer electronics and various other types.

However, in this article we will discuss what is called the polymer but rather how the methods are generally made by people to determine the constituent elements of the polymer. Of course as we know, the formation of a polymer or polymer synthesis / polymerization reactions of polycondensation and polymerization, which is then divided into a variety of methods. Because there are so-called synthetic polymer which constituent elements must exist and how to identify these polymers. The following methods are commonly used by experts that I took from the book by Mr. Anton J. Hartomo:

Classical methods. By performing the cremation-gray, fusion, acid digest or acidification and digest the bomb to the polymer.

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By using the cremation-gray method consists of several ways:

• Cremation without catalytic substances. The process of cremation is done by burning the polymer in a platinum crucible with controlled conditions (as polymer), dissolved in an aqueous reagent, and then analyzed by spectrophotometry. This method is cumbersome and time consuming. Effectiveness of these elements can be different after that. Analysis of the alkali metal is more critical than on the transition metal catalyst.
• Cremation with catalytic substances. The process of cremation is required where the elements are going to be analyzed may be lost when the process is carried out. For example, copper can be reduced and attached to the crucible wall. that is why it was added a solution of inorganic salts, for example magnesium nitrate. When the bulb, the said elements in a matrix of magnesium oxide awake so easily dissolved in a suitable acid and analyzed. The addition of inorganic salts and acids taken in the presence of organic solvent (alcohol) as appropriate.
• At low temperatures the cremation furnace. The process is conducted in a furnace with air oxygen is activated by a cloud of electric charge or with ultraviolet light. Active oxygen to burn the polymer, and the risk of loss of the element being analyzed is smaller because the temperature is lower. Examples of use in the determination of rare metals in the polymer PP, PS and so on.

Then the fusion method can be performed using sodium carbonate, sodium bisulfate, and sodium peroxide. Of fusion with sodium carbonate is very good for the polymer which when in the incandescent-issued gas / vapor acids, such as PVC. Steam trap can be determined with a solid base in the reagent. Ash residue is dissolved in nitric acid, diluted acetone, potentiometric titration using standard silver nitrate.  

Digest method (Kjehldahl) acid. By using this method in addition to the determination of organic nitrogen, more or less the method is also used except in special cases. While oxygen to the combustion vessel used in the analysis of polymers such as the determination of sulfur in the polyolefin, determining chlorine in the rubber khlorobutil and PVC, phosphorus in polyolefins. 

Instrumental Methods of Engineering Analysis. This method is used to analyze the elements in the polymer consist of non-faulty techniques such as X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation analysis, as well as destructive techniques (sample described with specific reagents) such as atomic absorption spectrometry, emission Spectrograph, flame photometry, polarography, and etc..

• X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Analysis instrument was used for the determination of micro amounts of metal or non metal; also for the content of metals such as cadmium selenide pigments in polyolefins. The advantage lies in the technique that does not destroy the sample, making the specimen is easy, fast and the measurement of content of chemical elements do not depend on the state of incorporation. However, drawbacks include the excitation of many disorders other elements in the matrix polymer. This method is often applied to the determination of industrial elements chlorine, bromine, titanium, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and vanadium on a hot plate of felt-PP and PE.
• Neutron activation analysis. This analysis technique can determine the various elements such as chlorine in polyolefins, metals in PMMA, the total oxygen in the copolymer and the PE-vinyl acetate PE-ethyl acrylate as well as the polyolefin. This method is superior because it is very sensitive and hassle free. Disadvantage, must be made in nuclear reactors. However, the results are very good and reliable.
• Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Often used for metal determination. Samples prepared in the form of an appropriate solution. Certain elements (As, Sb, Hg, Se, Sn) after the polymer has the digest, transformed into a hybrid form of gas using SnCl2 reagent or sodium borohydride.
• Electron probe microanalysis. For this method is used to determine the metal inclusions in the polymer film and sheet. Samples were fired with a narrow beam of X-ray and electron scattering a certain frequency beyond scrutiny. Scattering image corresponding atomic number elements. X-ray beam emitted is detected and enumerated with a special tool or using the detector.

By using the above methods can be determined qualitatively or quantitatively, or in both the qualitative and quantitative elements of the polymer. The goal of science can be used both in order to identify the type of polymer that is not known or commercially in order to control the process. Both of the above techniques of classical technique and modern techniques that use instruments. For so this article, may be beneficial to us all. 

 

Reference:

Penuntun Analisis Polimer Aktual work by Anton J. Hartomo. Penerbit Andi Offset Yogyakarta.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer  

 

Several factors that affect plant growth and development

Plants (flora) is a unit in a living ecosystem. Plants are also part of what is called a living creature. Of course, as living beings, plants have characteristics similar to other living creatures. As with the growth and development. The process of growth and development experienced by plants in order to process a higher level. Of course, the process is also influenced by several factors relating directly or indirectly. Here are some of the processes that affect plant growth and development:

Internal factors

In influencing the development and growth in plants, internal factors related to genetic and physiological factors include the plant. Both of these factors can be described in more deeply because it contains a variety of circumstances.

• Genetic factors.  Growth and development process starts from the germination process. This process begins with water uptake (inhibition). Water is then absorbed into the body resulting in dissolution of pieces of food that is in pieces of the institution. Besides dissolving food, absorb water also serves as a substance-induced lawyer for hydrolytic enzymes. After that the enzyme will be controlled by the genes of plants. Germination process also requires that the metabolic processes of plants can live. This metabolic process requiring metabolic enzymes support that aims to regulate the metabolic rate of growth and development of plants that can be set to be optimal. And it's all arranged by the genes of plants.
• Physiologcal factors. Of origin of the word, physiological factors are factors derived from the functional processes at the cellular level in plants. All activities conducted by plant cells also affect the process of development and growth in plants. Growth and development will involve a variety of hormones and vitamins. Hormones and vitamins have specific functions at each level of growth and development. Hormones that affect growth and development are as follows Hormone auxin, gibberellin, ethylene, cytokinins, absisat acid, Kalin, traumalin acid, antokalin, filokalin, rhyzokalin and kaukokalin, addition of hormones, vitamins also affect growth and development. Examples are vitamin riboflavin, ascorbic acid, thiamine, pyridoxine, and nicotinic acid. Vitamins serve as components that are capable of activating the enzyme.

External factors 

External factors have an influence equal to the internal factors in the growth and development. In the process, external factors are factors that are outside the parts of a plant, an existing environment around the plant. These external factors that affect plant growth and development.

• Temperature. When it comes to temperature, it will not be separated from the process of photosynthesis, respiration, and evaporation in plants. Temperature affects the water content in plants that is one thing that is important in the growth and development. Temperature also affects the performance of enzymes that exist in plants. In general, temperatures will damage important parts of the plant when the temperature is high, so if too low will make the important parts do not work optimally or even not working. Optimal temperatures in plants is also different. So, temperature is the most important factor in the first category of external factors.
• Sunshine. Sun light affects green plants because sunlight will determine the photosynthesis process of plants. Photosynthesis is the fundamental process in plants to produce energy that will be used as the initial capital in the growth and development. Besides, in the process of photosynthesis, sunlight also affect plant growth physically. Plants that grow in the dark will grow faster but with the condition of pale, thin, and its leaves do not grow because of the hormone auxin is not spread and are not optimal.
• Water, pH, and oxygen. Water serves to determine the rate of photosynthesis, as the universal solvent in the process of growth and development, to determine the transport of nutrients in the soil and distribute the results to all parts of plant photosynthesis. Factor pH (or acidity) that directly affect the state of soil acidity. Minerals and nutrients derived from land, when the soil has a high acidity, it is mostly absorbed acidic compounds. So that the acid compound is absorbed so high, it is very disrupting the growth and development. Oxygen is a limiting factor in any organism. These conditions make the organisms need oxygen. Parts of plant roots require good aeration to get oxygen. Good aeration to improve root respiration process to circulate nutrients in the soil to the leaves.
• Nutrition. Plants need nutrients for its survival. Nutrients needed in large quantities such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. These elements are referred to as the mean macronutrient nutrients needed by plants in large numbers. In contrast, elements such as chlorine, iron, boron, manganese, zinc, copper, and molybdenum merupakn micronutrient elements, which means the elements needed in small amounts. Nutrients needed for plants not deficient, that is to grow and develop imperfectly. 

 

The role of food additives in human life

As it is known that a food additive used in food industries to improve the quality of processed food, and the use of food additives is justified only if it is intended for the following purposes:

• To maintain the nutritional value of food. For example, the addition of antioxidants such as BHA (butyl hydroxy-anisol) in the processing of vitamin A will maintain vitamin potency when added to food. 

• For the consumption of a particular class of people who need food. For example, the addition of artificial sweeteners such as saccharin in food or drink, so it does not add calories to the food.

• To maintain the quality or stability of food or to improve the properties of its organoleptic to not deviate from nature, and can help reduce food waste disposed. Preservatives play an important role in extending the shelf life of various types of food, making it possible for these foods are transported long distances, stored for a long time, but it still can still be safely consumed. WHO estimates that 20% of the world's food supply is lost or damaged due to decay. Without the use of preservatives such percentage will be higher.

• For the purposes of manufacture, processing, supply, treatment, the container, packaging, transfer, or transportation. Some foods in the processing process requires the use of materials, such as stabilizers, cleaning materials, and metal binder. The use of these materials allows for large-scale industrial production of food composition and quality are constant throughout the year.

• Make food more attractive. The use of food additives, such as dyes and textures repair materials varies so that the final product will have the appearance, taste, and appearance is always the same every time.

The use of food additives are not permitted for the purpose of:

• Hiding the use of incorrect or that do not meet the requirements.
• Contrary to conceal the workings of a good way for food production.
• Hide damage to food.