Electron Spectroscopy

Electron spectroscopy is the generic name given to a handful of individual techniques based upon the analysis of electron energies following a collision between an impacting particle or photon and an atom, molecules, or solids. The individual techniques are listed below

1. Photoelectron Spectroscopy (ultraviolet excitation)
2. Photoelectron Spectroscopy (X-ray excitation)
3. Auger Electron Spectroscopy
4. Ion Neutralization Spectroscopy
5. Penning Ionization Spectroscpy
6. Electron Impact Energy Loss Spectroscopy
7. Autoionization Electron Spectroscopy
8. Resonance Electron Capture
9. Electron Transmission Spectroscopy

The rapid growth in recent years of basic and application studies using electron spectroscopy can partly be attributed to a belated interaction between scientist working in quite different areas, but using electron spectroscopy, thus providing the means of exchanging ideas and techniques. The areas in which applications have been found is remarkably wide, covering all cases in the gaseous or solid state including surfaces, where elemental analysis or a knowledge of chemical bonding and electron structure is required. It complements other techniques over this wide range, but does not have the general applicability in any one area that, for instance, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance which offers in organic chemistry.

The branches of electron spectroscopy were developed more or less independently, often by groups working in diverse area, example for molecular spectroscopy as opposed to surface physics. In other hands, there is a factor which has an advance in the development of electron spectroscopy. Technology and design of instrumentation also have an influence for some experiments doing with electron spectroscopy.

Whereas experiments in the past were frustrated for lack of high resolution energy analyzers, sensitive electron detections systems, or a sufficiently good vacuum for meaningful results, today areas with which to implement bright or not so bright ideas.

Nuclear Energy, Bringing prosperity or add damage?

The irony presented by nuclear power obviously very profitable, while providing energy / power supply that is very large, in the processing of nuclear fuel is not too expensive because it does not require huge amounts of coal as fuel or other. On the other hand, the damage unimaginable so takes a lot of casualties and result in long-term effects.

Establish and produce energy from radioactive materials are scientifically not as easy as imagined, in addition to need a strong construction, nuclear fuel, from raw materials to the waste generated and the journey takes a long time. Natural radioactive materials such as coal which is not easy to be collected and processed as usual, known as direct coal is burned to produce energy. Unlike coal, radioactive materials require a long process in its processing. In addition, radioactive materials on earth is not evenly distributed so that only exist in certain areas that have natural resources in the form of radioactive material.

Because no natural resources in the form of the spread of radioactive materials, must be imported from countries that have the natural resources of radioactive material. Among other countries that export of radioactive materials are countries of the former Soviet Union, Canada and Australia.

In general, the natural resources of radioactive material is in the layers of rock with a depth of 40 meters to 100 meters below ground. The thickness of rocks contain radioactive That generosity very influential on the level. That Natural radioactive materials are separated from the rock is Called the "Yellow Cake" (like the symbol of radioactive material). In general, the type of radioactive material is being traded at this present moment.

Materials used as the main ingredient of nuclear energy in power plants is an element Uranium. Yellow cake is uranium traded with number 308. Abbreviated to U-308 uranium-308 has not fully become the main ingredient for nuclear power plants, but must be developed / changed to U-238. This process is called enrichment, but to become U-238 requires two processes that change the U-308 into U-235 and the latter being the main ingredient of nuclear energy U-238.