Astronomy in Babylonia

More than 4000 years ago Astronomy have known people in the kingdom of Babylon, though still very modest. Them when it has had a dating or calendar or almanac. One year divided them into 360 days or 12 months. Once the six months to 13 years there used to correct the shortcomings of the 12 months. They also have to share the day with the day and night hours, minutes and seconds.

Of the Babylonian empire is coming early astrology, predicting the fate of mankind in the future based on the date of birth of the person. According to those properties and one's fate depends on the date of his birth.
The results of the predictions did not correspond to reality. Even if sometimes appropriate, just coincidence. Anyway predicted way incompatible with the common sense or not in accordance with the logic. Therefore, astrology is not a science or science shadows are correct. The shadow science known as pseudo-science.

Looks like science but actually not. He split the fate of human fortune in only 12 kinds of course, are not infinitely true. Acknowledged the influence of climate on the formation of a person's character, but it is not true that the climate determines one's fate. Is very unlikely the same fate or character of a person is born with a different place, a different continent, although the same date and month of his birth.

Although most people do not believe what is predicted by the astrologers who often appeared in the room your fate this week in the newspaper or a magazine, but a lot of teenagers who to believe. Even if the forecasts occasionally correspond to reality, but it was just by chance alone. Thus we know that the origin is of Babylonian astrology, which later developed into other areas, especially to Greece.

The beautiful or saturn

Saturn was the Roman family name in favor of Cronus, the lord of the titans in Greek mythology. Saturn's interior is probably calm of a extract of iron, nickel and rock (silicon and oxygen compounds), surrounded by a deep layer of ringing hydrogen, an intermediate layer of liquid hydrogen and liquid helium and an outer gaseous layer. The planet exhibits a pale yellow kind due to ammonia crystals in its high character. Electrical current contained by the ringing hydrogen layer is ideas to devote come into view to Saturn's planetary magnetic arena, which is vaguely weaker than Earth's and around one-twentieth the strength of Jupiter's. The outer character is usually bland and missing in contrast, although long-lived skin tone can appear.

Saturn is the furthermost planet from Earth visible to the naked being eye. The yellow and gold bands seen in the planet's character are the conclusion of super-fast winds in the high character, combined with heat up rising from the planet's interior. Saturn spins more rapidly than every other planet bar Jupiter, completing a rotation roughly all 10-and-a-half hours.

Stylish many ways, Saturn is parallel to Jupiter, but it is much less important. It is the go along with main planet in our Solar System and it is a swap gossip giant like Jupiter. Under the clouds of methane, hydrogen and helium, the sky regularly turns into liquid until it becomes a giant ocean of liquid chemicals. The a good number well-known of Saturn's moons is probably Titan. It is the go along with main moon in the Solar System subsequently to Jupiter's Ganymede. Titan is bigger than the planet Mercury. Some of the other moons are drawing, Calypso, Dione, Enceladus, Hyperion, Iapetus, Janus, Mimas, Phoebe, and Tethys.

Saturn is the slightest dense planet in our Solar System. It is made up of mostly hydrogen and helium, which are the two lightest elements in the universe and in this manner make up Saturn the lightest planet to we know of. This is why you wouldn't weigh as much on Saturn as you think you would for the reason that of its size. And for the reason that Saturn is so light, it does not carry out as much gravity. Interestingly, it is alleged Saturn would essentially be able to float in hose for the reason that the hydrogen and helium to make up up the planet are so nonthreatening person.

History of Astronomy in India

India had learned astronomy since 3000 years ago. As in some other parts of the world are very slow growing astronomy because he got the tools to conduct better investigations. Nevertheless astronomers in India have held observation since 1200 years BC. They have measured the diameter or the diameter of the earth and found the figure 12,600 kilometers. They also measure the distance of the earth and moon and obtained a distance of about 407,165.55 kilometers. The figures though are not exactly correct, but they're quite sharp calculations. Compare the distance the Earth and the moon 385,000 kilometers and 12,757 kilometers diameter of the earth.

But the most important meaning for human life is the discovery of the system subsequent figures. Regarding these figures the system where the actual place of birth is unknown. Name known until now is the arabic numerals. But in general, people are more inclined to argue that the origins are from India. System numbers in question, namely, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 and so on.

With the discovery of these figures the system then develops knowledge became easier. Most scholars believe that these figures were developed and popularized in the Arab regions. All the more so in the heyday of Islam. Islamic world stretching from Spain in the west to the east baghdad which at that time was very rapid development of science. System of numbers later known as Arabic numerals.

We know that the system of the other numbers are very difficult to use if the numbers are big. Particularly if used to subtract, add, divide, multiply, and others. The figures chinese, japanese, roman, not suitable, not practically used in arithmetic. Roman numbers I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, and so on. After all zeros at no roman numerals. How difficult it is to use the roman numbers.

Historical development of astronomy in the ancient China

Perhaps the most advanced astronomical knowledge and is the oldest known person in the state of china. Many of the symptoms that around 4000 years ago the Chinese had organized research on sky objects. They had a division seasons, winter, spring, fall, and summer. They have had regular entries about the planets travel at about two thousand years BC. Almanac or calendar layout that they can predict when starting about the rainy season or dry season.

In the year 2159 before Christ still, two china Astronomers were able to predict eclipses of the sun when it comes and when it comes eclipse of the moon. Solar eclipse occurs when the moon is between the sun and the earth, such that the position of the moon, so moon shadow falls squarely on the ground. When people see the moon shadow to the sun and of course the sun will not appear. So when a lunar eclipse occurs. Earth is between the sun by the moon. The earth's shadow falls squarely on the moon, the earth in such a way park closed until the end of the whole or part closed.

In the 21st century BC people generally do not know the process of solar eclipse or eclipse of the moon. Eclipse occurs when the sun, according to their thinking dragons in the sky trying to catch it and want to swallow it. If this can happen addresses life on Earth will be threatened. Therefore it should be prevented. For the people should make loud noises with drums hit the road or anything that could give rise to noisy with the intent that the evil hydra shock and fear, until released by the sun or moon. Besides the king ordered his soldiers to shoot towards the sun. So every few seconds even then the sun ever look back. Their efforts, according to the opinion of the people and the king, has paid off.

So at a time when two Chinese astronomers from the government chung named K'ang hi and ho did not report to the king will come from the solar eclipse. Perhaps because of inaccurate predictions or default, is not known with certainty. Only profit quickly king ordered the army to shoot towards the sun and the people responded with spontaneous make frenzied voice, to avoid the tackle last sun hydra monster. Because according to them, the king of the default assumption will work, then they will face the death penalty.

Sky map was made ancient chinese people. All the stars are divided in 248 groups. This star cluster in the constellation star commonly mentioned. Each group consists of five bright stars. About 350 years BC, shih shen have shared a ring on 365 quarter sections, not above 360 ​​degrees like today. This suggests a link between division ring with the sun circling the earth forever, for the one-time roll. In addition, they are able to predict the arrival of comet-comet.

They have records on the rise star "guests", ie a star that come suddenly bright. Never previously seen. Not long star even then disappears. The star is called a star nova, said that originates from the Latin which means neo or new.

Universe according to ancient Egypt.

The oldest government has been known and developed is the ancient Egyptian government. Government signs can be seen clearly from the legacy. From the sacred scriptures of all faiths in the world also writes about the history of the ancient Egyptian government. The work of the people who are ruled by pharaohs be spectacular relics, call it like a pyramid which now stands proudly in the land of Egypt. Do not forget about the form of mummy corpse preservation technology that is millions of years old. This suggests that ancient Egyptian culture has grown far and high at around 4000-5000 years ago.

Sun as celestial bodies known to them as a very useful thing for human life, animals and plants. They realize that without the sun, people will not likely be able to survive. Sun gives light and heat can make plants grow well. So it is with wild animals and livestock can breed properly. But the sun can also turn off if it wants to. So opinions and beliefs. Mind's way of ancient Egyptian society at the time the sun is the most powerful thing. Assumption that transformed into a system of beliefs and faiths Monotheism with the sun as a god or God almighty.

Thus, god is the greatest power of the sun god. They called Amon Ra is often also called the god Ra. God this is the greatest power among other gods the types that many. The Sun God has unrestricted power to anything on the surface of this earth. Absolute power or authority is absolute. There is no other power on earth or in heaven that can match the power. As a representative of the god ra to perform power on earth is the king of Egypt or Pharaoh. This royalty in itself be an absolute authority.

Kings who ruled ancient Egypt are descendants of the sun god. Purity of blood must remain secure. Royal blood substitute candidate can not mix with the blood of the people. Thus candidates should marry the king with his own brother, a single parent. At least their fathers brothers and sisters. If not he is not entitled to replace the king.

Over 4000 years ago the ancient Egyptians had developed in agriculture. The Nile, the longest river in the world that is flowing through the state. In certain times of the river experiencing floods. Overflow water to the left and right leads humus or highly fertile topsoil for agriculture. Based on the experience of hundreds of years, King Pharaoh knew right when drought comes and when the rainy season comes. Thus he knows when the flood came.

If the star Sirius was beginning to seem rises in the eastern sky in the early evening, the rains will soon come a nil result in swollen rivers. Star is located in parts of the southern sky will appear low in the eastern sky in the evening around the month of December. Instead the star is not visible at night during summer in Egypt, that after months of June and will look after this new experience into the fall or winter. It is known to Pharaoh with the help of stars.

So that, knowledge of the universe has started since 4000 years ago, where ancient Egypt were aware of the star used as leisure seriously drought indicators and the availability of the rainy season. This should be done even by doing observations of the star's position in the sky. This shows that astronomy is a growing knowledge of ancient Egyptian government.

The unique of "Nefertiti" Space Spider Insect

Nefertari and acknowledged as Nefertari Merytmut was lone of the Great Royal Wives (or principal wives) of Ramesses the Great. Nefertari process 'Beautiful Companion' and Meritmut process 'Beloved of [the Goddess] Mut'. She is lone of the preeminent acknowledged Egyptian queens, after that to Cleopatra, Nefertiti and Hatshepsut. Her plentifully decorated tomb, QV66, is the leading and as a rule spectacular in the Valley of the Queens. Ramesses and constructed a temple in support of her by Abu Simbel after that to his colossal tombstone at this time. Nefertari initially appears as the wife of Ramesses II in legitimate scenes in the initially time of Ramesses II. Popular the tomb of Nebwenenef, Nefertari is depicted behind her spouse as he elevates Nebwenenef to the location of High Priests of Amun in a visit to Abydos. Nefertari and appears in an event after that to a time 1 stela. She is depicted shaking two sistra previously Taweret, Thoth and Nut.

Nefertari is a notable presence in the scenes from Luxor and Karnak. Popular an event from Luxor, Nefertari appears leading the royal children. Another event shows Nefertari by the Festival of the Mast of Amun-Min-Kamephis. The king and the queen are understood to worship in the inexperienced temple and are made known management the Erection of the Mast previously Amen-Re attended by standard bearers. But in this section we are not talking about the queen, but there are special name for insects that scientist namely same with the queen name.

The Insect called Nefertiti didn't spin a mess like Charlotte; her kind by no means possibly will. But the red-back jumping spider earned a classy nickname, Spidernaut, as well as a hogwash by the widespread Insect Zoo of the National Museum of History of Washington in support of her out-of-this-world exploits.
Her move to the nation's assets in tardy November followed a 100-day mission on the train the International Space Station. There Nefertiti demonstrated so as to, like humans, her eight-legged species can adapt to the microgravity of legroom, at that moment transition back to life on Earth.

On Dec. 3 the museum bare so as to Nefertiti had died of natural causes. She lived in support of 10 months. Her species, Phidippus johnsoni, regularly lives in support of lone time.

Amr Mohammed of Alexandria, Egypt, wished-for Neferiti's tour to the 250-mile-high station. The spider's tour is inspiring yet to come generations of legroom explorers and all the scientists. One of them is Mohammed which gave a proposal and had two winning entries in the 2011 large-scale YouTube SpaceLab contest. Additional than 2,000 students, ages 14 to 18, competed in support of the opportunity to dash an research to the legroom station based on two-minute YouTube videos explaining their examine proposals.

Mohammed, at this moment 19, suggested so as to leaping insects like that always known as the Zebra Jumping Spider or in Latin Called Salticus scenicus, besides that it also like Phiddipus johnsoni, a red-back jumping variety, might enjoy impenetrability hunting in legroom previously they adapted to microgravity. Both of the insects are usual with grass, brush and woodlands on the western area in United States. Spiders like Nefertiti hunt, not by rotary elaborate webs, but by vaulting towards their prey of less significant insects. They trail silk-like structures spun with their spinnerets and tacked to the leaves and logs from which they leap to wait as safety tethers.

" The investigation is to observations the parts of the foot strike as an insect that is so amazing, it makes the interest that has been rarely heard" Amr told cost Nye, the Science gentleman, in a YouTube Spacelab documentary on the apprentice competition.

So Nefertiti traveled to the station on July 21 on the train an unpiloted HTV-3 payload carrier launched research on these insects when in Tanegashima, Japan. Insects are placed in various chamber which area so as to incorporate a spider den, as well as an isolated compartment in support of her legroom prey, fruit flies.
NASA astronaut and Expedition 33 commander Sunita Williams reserved tabs on Nefertiti while they were both in orbit. By activating small plungers, she possibly will periodically issue waves of fruit flies into the spider's den.

Nefertiti dined well, leaping towards the fruit flies, injecting them with a poison previously feeding -- presently as she on the surface of the earth. Along with that there are remnants of insect nets tethers were evident far and wide.

"I axiom her stalking a fruit dash," Williams explained in the in the form of Papers seek. "It is amazing and prove to us in researching as the poor little fruit, she was looking by it and getting real close. All of an abrupt, she jumped totally on him. It was amazing. So, I think the spiders agreed adapted to legroom."

Nefertiti made history with her return to Earth, as well. She descended on the train the initially SpaceX Commercial Resupply Services mission, splashing down on Oct. 28 in the placatory Ocean. The spidernaut was indifferent from the Dragon capsule and returned to BioServe Space Technologies of Boulder, Colo., an accessory on the spider investigation research.

Kirk Johnson, the National Museum of Natural History's director, brought Nefertiti to Washington. She was showed to the known on Nov. 29. She was position on exhibit along with the fatherland she lived in while in orbit.

Nefertari is made known by the introductory revelry by Abu Simbel in time 24. Her daughter Meritamen is depicted taking part in place of her tend in approximately of the scenes. Nefertari can well enjoy been in failing strength by this thing. After her death she was buried in tomb QV66 in the Valley of the Queens.

A little story about Buzz Aldrin, a man who set foot in the moon

Remembering when I was watching an Indian film titled 3 idiots, rector of the university or their chief director of "Imperial College of Engineering" Dr. Viru Shastrabuddhi (correct me if I wrong) asked all the students in a public meeting. The president asked all students and said, "Who is the first to set foot on the lunar surface?", All answered with spirit (unless there is a person who does not care), "Neil Armstrong". Then the president said, and asked again, "it is true, Neil Armstrong. And everyone will remember because he was the first, what about the second person?". All the students just stunned and silent for not being able to answer who the second person to set foot on the lunar surface.

 

Full name of Edwin Eugene Aldrin, Jr.. which is a man of military educational background and MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). An engineer in the field of mechanical engineering and is a pilot, is the second person who landed and set foot on the lunar surface after Neil Armstrong. History records that Edwin Aldrin or commonly known as Buzz Aldrin is one of three astronauts who first set foot on the moon. In addition to work as an astronaut, Buzz Aldrin also became a fighter pilot. This was after he got military education with the United States Air Force (USAF).

'We can continue to try and clean up the gutters all over the world and spend all of our resources looking at just the dirty spots and trying to make them clean. Or we can lift our eyes up and look into the skies and move forward in an evolutionary way' - Buzz Aldrin

 

According to Wikipedia, Buzz Aldrin (born Edwin Eugene Aldrin, Jr..; Born in the United States, January 20, 1930, age 82 years) is a mechanical engineer, retired air force pilot and astronaut United States. Aldrin was the second person to set foot on the moon after Neil Armstrong. On July 20, 1969 (July 21 GMT time), he and Neil Armstrong landed on the Moon with a small aerial vehicle, which had been sent to the Saturn V moon rocket for the Apollo 11 mission. 

 

After graduating from the United States Military Academy, he entered the United States Air Force. He, too, and the Korean War combat duty by 66 times, then he moved to western Germany. In 1963, he received a doctorate from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. in the same year he was selected as an astronaut third group by the U.S. space agency (NASA). The first flight took place in 1966dengan spacecraft Gemini 12, with James A. Lovell. On this first flight, he was in space for 5 1/2 hours. Subsequently he followed the Apollo 11 mission, along with Neil Armstrong and Michael Collins, on July 16, 1969, and four days later, he landed on the moon. after two hours of being on the lunar surface, to collect rocks, making pictures and doing some scientific experiments, they were lifted up again by the Lunar module. Apollo 11 mission ended, after they landed in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1969. 

 

Buzz Aldrin retired with the rank of colonel in the military, especially in the American air force. Buzz Aldrin's name is quite well known to the world at the moment, and even because we are not so familiar with a Buzz, his nickname in the role in the animated film made ​​toys story of "Buzz". Indeed, added to the Lightyear at the end of the name, but I think the film may be indicated in the figure of a Buzz Aldrin and everyday tasks in the role of Buzz Lightyear. 

 

I think humans will reach Mars, and I would like to see it happen in my lifetime.

 

Mars is there, waiting to be reached.

There's a need for accepting responsibility - for a person's life and making choices that are not just ones for immediate short-term comfort. You need to make an investment, and the investment is in health and education.

 

After retiring from the military and NASA, Buzz gained the trust to lead the Air Force pilot school based in the United States Air Field Edward Air Force Base. Buzz was in space for 12 days 1 hours 52 minutes as a whole by conducting two missions of Apollo missions 11 and Gemini 12. By the age of Buzz is now much more activity in the field of education, especially in the fields of Astronomy, Astrophysics and astronauts. It is evident from the activities done in some communities and one of them you can see on his personal website that is buzzladrin.com. (Images form buzzaldrin.com)

The Man

 

"Alien" Particles Found Invading Our Solar System—A First (nationalgeographic.com

When I was open the national geographic site, I actually interested on their post about particle which talk about an "alien particle" has been found in our solar system. I do not understand about it? cause it is not logic that there is another life beside earth? NASA may be found some compound which support there is a life on that particle. Wow, it is so amazing if there some biological life on it. Here some information about the phenomena alien Particle according nationalgeographic.com 

For the first time, a NASA spacecraft has directly observed "alien" particles that came from beyond our solar system, astronomers announced today.
The discovery not only gives us a glimpse of what exists in the so-called interstellar medium—the matter between stars—but also offers clues to the anatomy of our local galactic neighborhood.
Orbiting Earth some 200,000 miles (322,000 kilometers) away, the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) spacecraft was able to snag samples of hydrogen, oxygen, and neon that came from interstellar space.
"It's exciting to be able to have these first observations of alien matter—stuff that didn't come from our sun or the planets, but came from the outside of our solar system, from other parts of the galaxy," David McComas, team leader for the IBEX program, said during a NASA news conference Tuesday.
"We think these are really important measurements, because these elements are the fundamental building blocks of stars, planets, and people."
(Related: "Solar System's 'Nose' Found; Aimed at Constellation Scorpius.")
IBEX Find a "15-Billion-Mile Hole-in-One"
Since its launch in October 2008, the IBEX probe has been mapping the boundary of the solar system, called the heliosphere.
This bubble in the Milky Way galaxy is created by solar wind, which is the stream of charged particles that's constantly blowing out from the sun in all directions.
The edge of the heliosphere lies about a hundred times farther from us than Earth does from the sun, and it shields the inner solar system from deadly cosmic radiation.
That's because the heliosphere and its associated magnetic field push away damaging charged particles. These particles—remnants from supernovae that are dispersed through interstellar space—flow toward us at 50,000 miles (80,000 kilometers) an hour.
(Also see "Frothy Magnetic-Bubble Sea Found at Solar System's Edge.")
But half of the particles in the interstellar wind are neutral, and these uncharged atoms can make it into our solar system.
A few of these neutral hydrogen, oxygen, and neon particles then made it all the way to Earth, where IBEX was able to detect them, McComas said during the conference.
"I like to call it the 15-billion-mile [24-billion-kilometer] hole-in-one," he said.
Solar System Rich in Oxygen?
An analysis of the new IBEX data compared the ratios of oxygen to neon from interstellar space with the ratios of these atoms native to our solar system.
The results show that our solar system appears to contain more oxygen than surrounding interstellar space.
This may mean that our solar system migrated to its current location from a more oxygen-rich environment. Or it's possible a lot of oxygen is trapped within dust grains or ice in the interstellar medium.
(Related: "Mystery Space 'Ribbon' Found at Solar System's Edge.")
IBEX also measured the speed of the interstellar wind, revealing that the wind is moving about 7,000 miles (11,000 kilometers) an hour slower than previously recorded.
Combined with previous data on nearby interstellar clouds—gossamer blobs of gas and dust many light-years across—the team was able to more precisely pinpoint our location in the local galactic neighborhood.
Our solar system appears to sit at the edge of one of many low-density interstellar clouds that move through this region of the galaxy—and we may actually exit the cloud in the next few thousand years, the data show.
"It's so exciting to know where our sun is in relation to local clouds. It really puts our sun in context for the first time," said Seth Redfield, an astronomer from Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut, who's involved with IBEX.
"Our location within our local interstellar cloud is important," Redfield added, "because the heliosphere structure changes depending on where it is inside a cloud or outside, and so it has consequences for how well it shields us from those deadly cosmic rays."
The new IBEX results appear in a series of papers in the February edition of Astrophysical Journal Supplements.

source from www.nationalgeographic.com

The Copernican Revolution

In 1543 a Polish mathematician and astronomer by the name of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) published a treatise that proposed a radically new model for the structure of the universe. The earth was removed from the center of the universe and replaced by the sun. The planets, earth included, were pictured as traveling around the sun along perfectly circular orbits. The planetary orbits were all nearly coplanar with each other, and all the planets traveled around the sun in the same direction. The copernican model of the solar system said to be heliocentric, as it places the sun rather than the earth at the center of the universe. The moon, however, was still pictured as revolving about the earth, just as it did in the Ptolemaic model. The earth was assumed to rotate about an axis that pointed toward the north star, so that the entire celestial sphere appeared to complete one full turn every day. It was not the sky that was turning, it was the earth.

Mercury was placed closest to the sun, followed at increasing distances by Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. The copernican model readily explains the variable brightness of the planets, since they maintain a fixed distance from the sun, not the earth. It also provides a convenient explanation of the fact that mercury and venus always appear near the sun in the sky. These two planets occupy orbits with smaller radii than Earth`s. The copernican model also provides as explanation of the retrograde motion of Mars, provided one assumes that mars travels more slowly along its orbit than the earth does. At the time that the earth catches up to mars in its orbit, the red planet appears to us to be momentarily traveling backward with respect to the stellar background, for the same reason that a slower moving car appears to the occupants of a faster car to be traveling backward with respect to a distant background at the instant of passing.

There were problems with the copernican model, and by no means did it meet with instant acceptance. There were significant departures from perfectly uniform circular motion (especially in the case of Mars), and later the theorists were forced to add epicycles to the motion in order to get a better fit. The most severe problem was caused by the moving earth. Not only was this offensive to the prevailing religions at the time, but it also did violence to the conventionally understood notions of mechanics that dated from the time of Aristotle (384-322 B.C.). It stood to reason that if the earth were really moving, an object dropped a height would fall far to the west of its release point rather than straight down. For these reasons, the copernican model of the universe was actively suppressed by both the catholic and protestant branches of the christian religion.