history and characteristics of the hydrogen atomic

Hydrogen atom is an element that was ranked first in the periodic system of elements with atomic number and mass number 1. Atom is located at the upper left end in the arrangement of the periodic system of elements. This is certainly due to the properties that exist in the hydrogen atomic. But, before that let us first see the history of the hydrogen atomic itself. (image from wikipedia.org)

If we are talking about hydrogen, we would think about a gas fluid that has a high level of flammability. Of course, if the temperature of ordinary air around us, has the form of hydrogen gas, but at temperatures several hundred degrees below 0 celcius would have a liquid form. But, do you know who knows all about the first hydrogen gas?

In its website, wikipedia explains that Henry Cavendish FRS (10 October 1731 – 24 February 1810) was a British scientist noted for his discovery of hydrogen or what he called "inflammable air". He described the density of inflammable air, which formed water on combustion, in a 1766 paper "On Factitious Airs".

Cavendish discovered hydrogen gas in the experiment known as the Cavendish experiment `s. In the experiments, Cavendish metal metal combines with strong acids to form hydrogen gas. Hydrogen gas is collected and isolated in a device called the Cavendish apparatus. (image from wikipedia.org)

At that time, Cavendish observe and look for a general characteristics of the gas, called a term used prior to hydrogen, Cavendish called "inflammable air". He concluded that the hydrogen gas is able to react with oxygen to form water. Wikipedia says on its website that the water formed then known as "dephlogisticated air". James Watt and Antoine Lavoisier made ​​a similar observation, resulting in a Controversy as to WHO should receive credit for it. Cavendish however resisted Lavoisier's theory of chemical compounds, and Attempted to explain his experiment in terms of phlogiston.

Hydrogen is an element with the percentage in the wild as much as 75 percent, indicating that hydrogen is one of the largest element in the universe. Hydrogen in nature is generally tied to one another in the form of hydrogen gas, or with other metals or with oxygen to form water. These elements at standard temperature and pressure, has no color, no smell, has a valence of one, and non-metals. And as we know hydrogen gas is diatomic gas (which means two hydrogen atomic) are highly flammable. physical properties of the hydrogen atomic can be seen from the picture next to it (image from Wikipedia).

Hydrogen gas has many benefits for human life. Just look at the films we've ever seen. Because it is highly flammable, the hydrogen gas used as fuel booster rocket to fly into space. Liquid hydrogen is used as a coolant material so that the material has almost zero resistance. Besides, there are many functions of hydrogen, one of them as a marinade substances in a laboratory scale. Besides the benefits of hydrogen are as follows.

As a energy: a clean energy source, because it does not leave residues or harmful gas emissions, which produced only water. Also used as rocket fuel.

• Food and beverage industry: used in the hydrogenation process of amines and fatty acids.
• Lab: H2 is used as the carrier gas in gas chromathography and analytical tools to another lab.
• Polymers: H2 is used as raw material for plastic, polyester and nylon.
• The chemical industry: H2 gas is the raw material of H2O2 or hydrogen peroxide.
• Fertilizer industry: raw material for making hydrogen are ammonia (NH3).
• Oil and gas industry: used in the process of desulfurization of fuel oil and gasoline.
• Glass industry: hydrogen is used in heat treatment process of hollow glass (oxy-hydrogen flame) and fiber optic.

Hydrogen to form water in the process of chemical reaction (shown below) requires an energy of about 286 kilojoules per mole.

Seen in the above reaction, to form two molecules of water required 2 moles of hydrogen gas atomic is reacted with 1 mole of oxygen gas with an energy of 572 kilojoules.

In a further development, atomic hydrogen is used as a reference in the explanation of the structure of the atomic that we often find in the teaching of modern physics.

The ground state energy level of the electron in a hydrogen atom is −13.6 eV, which is equivalent to an ultraviolet photon of roughly 92 nm wavelength. The energy levels of hydrogen can be calculated fairly accurately using the Bohr model of the atom, which conceptualizes the electron as "orbiting" the proton in analogy to the Earth's orbit of the Sun. However, the electromagnetic force attracts electrons and protons to one another, while planets and celestial objects are attracted to each other by gravity. Because of the discretization of angular momentum postulated in early quantum mechanics by Bohr, the electron in the Bohr model can only occupy certain allowed distances from the proton, and therefore only certain allowed energies. And for other properties that you find at the picture beside.

A more accurate description of the hydrogen atom comes from a purely quantum mechanical treatment that uses the Schrödinger equation or the Feynman path integral formulation to calculate the probability density of the electron around the proton. The most complicated treatments allow for the small effects of special relativity and vacuum polarization. In the quantum mechanical treatment, the electron in a ground state hydrogen atom has no angular momentum at all— an illustration of how different the "planetary orbit" conception of electron motion differs from reality. (Wikipedia.org)

This is the element hydrogen which we learn, have a flammable nature and is very useful for human life. Guess what, if any hydrogen is not created by the creator of human beings may not be able to live in a place that we live in is because hydrogen is one basic element in the formation of water, and water is needed by humans. So, do not be surprised if the experts are saying that, hydrogen is one of the ancient elements that exist in this universe. And even the stars like the sun, is also formed from the elements with atomic numbers amounted to 1. So first article, God willing, the next articles I will discuss this again on hydrogen. Hopefully this article useful for us all.

Wassalamu`alaikum...

Understanding the Environment and the study of science analysis on environmental impact (EIA)

Assalamu`alaikum....

Topic of today's on social evolutions, about the physical environment. And in this article we will discuss the interaction between the environment and society / human that are based on various phenomena in physics and chemistry, biology influencing socio-economic and cultural community and public health . And of some of these factors we can see that there are a specific scientific study aimed for analyzing all the issues in order to get the best solution to solve it.

Studies that discuss the science of human interaction with the environment itself is an environmental impact analysis, or in Indonesia is often abbreviated with the acronym EIA. However, before entering the EIA are, we should know what the sense of the environment itself.

In approach to words, environment is an area or a place where there are many different kinds of living things and small organisms (micro / nano organisms), each of which interact in a positive or negative . But most of all, many experts generally define environment is complex system in which various affect the reciprocal of each other and with people, animals and plants.

(Image from google.com/images/AMDAL)

According From our friend site`s (http://pengertian-definisi.blogspot.com/2011/10/lingkungan.html) Odum (1993) suggested that all of the ecosystem if the terms of the basic structure consists of four components. A similar statement expressed by Resosoedarmo et al. (1986) that the ecosystem in terms of its constituent consists of four components, namely components of abiotic, biotic components which include producers, consumers, and decomposers. Each of the components is described as follows:

Abiotic components (inanimate or non-biological), the physical and chemical components consisting of soil, water, air, sunlight, etc. in the form of medium or substrate for life. According Setiadi (1983), biotic components of an ecosystem can include inorganic compounds of elements such as land, water, calcium, oxygen, carbonate, phosphate, and various organic compounds bond. In addition, there are also the factors involved such as physical vapor, wind, and solar radiation.

Component manufacturers, namely autotrophic organisms which are generally in the form of green plants. Producers using solar radiation energy in the process of photosynthesis, so as to assimilate CO, and H20 produce chemical energy stored in carbohydrates. This chemical energy is actually a rich source of energy of carbon compounds. In the process of photosynthesis, the oxygen released by green plants and used by all living things in the process of breathing.

Consumer components, namely heterotrophic organisms such as animals and humans that eat other organisms. So-called consumer is all the organisms in an ecosystem that uses a synthesis (organic material) from manufacturers or from other organisms. Under that category, which includes the consumer are all kinds of animals and humans are present in an ecosystem. Consumers can be classified into: consumer first, customers second, a third of consumers, and micro-consumers (Resosoedarmo et al., 1986; Setiadi, 1983).

The first is a herbivore consumer groups, the animals that eat green plants. Examples of organisms, including herbivores are insects, rodents, rabbits, deer, cows, buffaloes, goats, zooplankton, crustaeeae, and molluscs.

The second is the consumer group of small carnivores and omnivores. Small carnivore, the animal's body size is smaller than large carnivores and eat other animals are still alive, such as dogs, cats, mbah, coyotes, birds, starlings, and crows. Omnivores, organisms that eat the herbivores and plants, such as humans and sparrows.

The third group of consumers is large carnivores (high-level carnivores). Large carnivores, the animals that eat or prey on small carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores, such as lions, tigers, wolves, and eagles.

Micro-consumer is a plant or animal that lives as a parasite, scavenger, and saproba. Parasites of plants and animals depend for food from its host somber. While scavenger and eat carrion saproba live with animals and plants that have died.

Component decomposition, which is dependent microorganisms to the organic material from dead organisms (animals, plants, and humans who have died). Degrading microorganisms are generally composed of bacteria and fungi. Based on the stage in the process of decomposition of organic material from dead organisms, the decomposing organisms consisting of decomposers and transformers (Setiadi, 1983).

Decomposers, ie microorganisms that invade the rest of the dead animals and plants die, then break down complex organic materials into simpler bonds, and the decomposition process that produces it is called humus humification. Transformer, the microorganisms continue the decomposition process by converting simple organic bonding of inorganic materials into a form that is ready to be used again by producers (plants), and the decomposition process is called mineralization which produce nutrients.

According to wikipedia Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a major study on the impact and importance of a business and / or planned activities on the environment necessary for decision-making process regarding business and / or activities in Indonesia. EIA was made when planning a project that is expected to give effect to the surrounding environment. What is meant here is the environmental aspect of Abiotic, biotic, and Cultural. The legal basis is Regulation No. EIA. 27 of 1999 on "Environmental Impact Analysis".

EIA documents consist of:

1.     Document Terms of Reference Environmental Impact Analysis (KA-ANDAL)
2.     Document Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA)
3.     Document Environmental Management Plan (RKL)
4.     Document Environmental Monitoring Plan (RPL)

EIA is used to:

    Materials for regional development planning
    Assist the decision making process on environmental feasibility of the proposed business and / or activities
    Provide input to the preparation of detailed technical design of the business plan and / or activities
    Provide input to the preparation of management plans and environmental monitoring
    Provide information to the public on the impacts of a proposed business or activity

The parties involved in the EIA process are:

1. EIA Assessment Commission, a commission charged with assessing the EIA document
2. Initiator, the person or legal entity responsible for a business plan and / or activities to be implemented, and  public concern, the affected communities for any decision in the EIA process.

 In practice, there are several things that must be addressed:

• Determination of criteria for mandatory EIA, currently, Indonesia using / implementing screening one step by using a list of activities required to EIA (scoping by one-step pre request list). The list of mandatory EIA can be seen in the Regulation of the Minister of Environment No. 11 of 2006
• If projects are not listed in the regulation, the UKL-UPL shall prepare, in accordance with State Minister of Environment Decree No. 86 of 2002
• Preparation of an EIA using an EIA in accordance with the Guidelines for Preparation of Chewing LH NO. 08/2006
• Authority of the assessment is based by Candy LH no. 05/2008

 

Historical development of mathematics Part II (Still Continues)

Egypt Mathematician. Mathematics developed by the Egyptians refer to mathematics written in the language of Egypt. Since the hellenistic civilization, because the Greek had a change in the life sciences, it has since replaced Greek as the language of the Egyptian language written for the educated Egyptians, and since that Egyptian mathematics merged with Greek and Babylonian mathematics that evokes hellenistic mathematics. Assessment of mathematics in Egypt continued under the leadership of Islam as a form of development and mathematics education from Islam, so that Arabic became the written language of Egyptian intellectuals. (Source: from http://google.com/images)

In the Wikipedia site, mention writing the longest Egyptian mathematics was Rhind Gazette (sometimes referred to as "Ahmes Gazette" by the author), supposedly from the year 1650 BC, but maybe it is a copy sheet of the documents that are older than that of the Middle Kingdom 2000-1800 years BC. It is a manual instruction sheet for students arithmetic and geometry. In addition to providing extensive formulas and ways of multiplication, partially, and workmanship fractions, it is also a proof sheet for other mathematical knowledge, including composite and prime numbers; the average arithmetic, geometry, and harmonics, and a simple understanding of the Sieve of Eratosthenes and perfect number theory (ie, number 6). Sheet also shows you how to solve linear equations also ranks first order arithmetic and geometry. 

Also three geometrical elements in the piece is written in the simplest discussion implies Rhind on analytic geometry: (1) first, to obtain an accurate approximation of less than one percent, (2) second, the efforts of ancient squared circle, and (3) Third, the use of cotangent earliest.

Other important Egyptian mathematical texts is a sheet of Moscow, also from the Middle Kingdom era, beginning about 1890 BC. This text contains the word or question about the story, which perhaps is intended as entertainment. One matter that is deemed to have a special method to resolve is the calculation of a room built like a pyramid. And after finally growing research note, sheet Berlin (approx. 1300 BC) indicates that ancient Egyptians could solve algebraic equations of order two.

Greek Mathematician. Greek mathematics refers to mathematics written in Greek between 600 BC to 300 AD Greek mathematicians lived in cities along the eastern Mediterranean, from Italy to North Africa, but they dibersatukan by the same culture and language. Greek mathematician in the period after Alexander the Great is sometimes called Hellenistic mathematics. 

Greek mathematics is more weighty than the mathematics developed by its predecessor cultures. All pre-Greek mathematical texts that are still preserved shows the use of inductive reasoning, ie, repeated observations are used to establish a rule of thumb. In contrast, the Greek mathematicians use deductive reasoning. The Greeks used logic to derive conclusions from definitions and axioms, and use of mathematical rigor to prove it.

Believed to be commenced by the Greek mathematician Thales of Miletus (about 624 to 546 BC) and Pythagoras of Samos (about 582 to 507 BC). Although the disputed expansion of their influence, they may be inspired by Egyptian and Babylonian Mathematics. According to legend, Pythagoras safari to Egypt to learn mathematics, geometry, and astronomy from Egyptian priests. 

Thales used geometry to solve problems calculating the height of the pyramids and the distance the boat from the shoreline. He is credited as the first to use deductive reasoning to be applied to geometry, with the lower four corollary of the theorem of Thales. The result, he is considered the first true mathematician and the first person to produce mathematical discovery. Pythagoras founded the school of Pythagoras, who claimed that mathematic is the master of the universe and the motto is "all is number". The school of Pythagoras who roll the term "mathematics", and it is they who set about mathematical assessment. The school of Pythagoras regarded as the inventor of the first proof of the theorem of Pythagoras, though note that the theorem has a long history, even with evidence of irrational numbers. 

Eudoxus (about 408 BC to 355 BC) developed the method of exhaustion, a stub of the modern Integral. Aristotle (about 384 BC to 322 BC) began to write the laws of logic. Euclid (about 300 BC) is the earliest example of the format still used in mathematics today, namely definitions, axioms, theorems, and proofs. He also reviews the cone. His book, Elements, known in all the educated people in the West until the mid-20th century. In addition to the well-known theorem of geometry, such as the Pythagorean theorem, Elements includes a proof that the square root of two is irrational and there are infinitely many prime numbers. Sieve of Eratosthenes (about 230 BC) was used to find prime numbers. 

Archimedes (about 287 BC to 212 BC) of Syracuse using the method of exhaustion to calculate the area under the arc of a parabola with the summation of an infinite sequence, and provide a fairly accurate approximation of Pi. He also reviewed the spiral up to its name, volume formulas rotate objects, and the pilot system to express extremely large numbers. 

Chinese Mathematics. Chinese mathematics beginning is different when compared with that from other parts of the world, so it makes sense when considered as a result of independent development. Mathematical writings are considered the oldest of the Chou Pei Suan Chinese Ching, dates to between 1200 BC to 100 BC, although the rate of 300 BC is also quite reasonable. 

This is a special note of the use of Chinese mathematics is a decimal positional notation system, which is also called "trunk number" in which different codes are used for numbers between 1 and 10, and other codes as powers of ten. Thus, the number 123 is written using the symbol for "1", followed by the symbol for "100", then the symbol for "2" followed by the symbol separately "10", followed by the symbol for "3". In this way, the number of the most advanced systems in the world at that time, may be used several centuries before the period before the development of AD and of course the Indian number system. Numbers rod allows the presentation of the desired number and allows the calculations carried out on the suan pan, or (Chinese abacus). Suan pan discovery date is uncertain, but the earliest writings dating from 190 AD, in the Additional Notes on the work of Xu Yue Picture Arts. 

The oldest preserved works on geometry in China comes from the canonical regulation philosophy Mohisme circa 330 BC, compiled by the followers of Mozi (470-390 BC). Mo Jing describes the various aspects of the many disciplines related to physics, and also provide a wealth of information a little math. 

In the year 212 BC, Emperor Qin Shǐ Huang (Shi Huang-ti) commanded all the books in the Qin Empire other than the officially recognized government must be burned. This decree is generally ignored, but the result of this command is so little information about ancient Chinese mathematics is maintained from the time before that. After the burning of books in the year 212 BC, the Han dynasty (202 BC-220 AD) produced works of mathematics which might be an extension of the works are now lost. Most important of all is the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, full title of which comes from the year 179 AD, but as the manifestation under different titles. It consists of 246 questions involving the word agriculture, trade, construction geometry that describes the range of heights and comparison of dimensions for Chinese pagoda towers, engineering, surveying, and materials of a right triangle and π. He also used the Cavalieri principle on volume more than a thousand years before Cavalieri took them in the West. He created a mathematical proof for the Pythagorean theorem, and mathematical formulas for Gaussian elimination. Liu Hui commented on this work in the 3rd century AD.

India Mathematics. Earliest civilization of the Indian subcontinent was the Indus Valley Civilization which arise between the years 2600 and 1900 BC in the Indus River basin. Their cities are geometrically regular, but still maintained a mathematical document of civilization has not been found. 

Vedanta Math commenced in India since the Iron Age. Shatapatha Brahmana (approximately the 9th century BC), up to the value of π, and Sulba Sutras (about 800-500 BC) who is writing that uses the geometry of irrational numbers, prime numbers, and the rule of three cubic roots; counting square root of 2 to a portion of one hundred thousand; provide a wide circle construction method is given over to the square, solve linear and quadratic equations; develop Pythagorean triples algebraically, and provide numerical evidence for the statement and the Pythagorean theorem. 

Panini (roughly the 5th century BC) who formulated the rules of Sanskrit grammar. He uses the same notation with modern mathematical notation, and using meta rules, transformations, and recursion. Pingala (roughly the 3rd century until the first century BC) in his treatise on prosody using the devices corresponding to the binary number system. Discussion of the combinatorics meter corresponds to the basic version of the binomial theorem. Pingala works also contain a basic idea of ​​Fibonacci numbers (called mātrāmeru). 

Surya Siddhanta (about 400) introduced the trigonometric functions sine, cosine, sine and feedback, and put the rules that determine the true motion of celestial objects, which correspond to their actual position in the sky. Cosmological time cycles explained in the caption, which is a copy of earlier work, corresponding to an average year siderik 365.2563627 days, which is only 1.4 seconds longer than the modern value of 365.25636305 days. This work was translated into Arabic and Latin in the Middle Ages. 

Aryabhata, in the year 499, introduced versinus function, producing India's first trigonometric tables of sine, developed techniques and algorithms of algebra, infinitesimal, and differential equations, and obtained whole number solutions to linear equations by a method equivalent to the modern method, along together with calculations [[astronomy] are accurate based on the heliocentric system of gravitation. An Arabic translation of his work Aryabhatiya available since the 8th century, followed by a translation of Latin in the 13th century. He also gives the value of π corresponding to the 62832/20000 = 3.1416. In the 14th century, Madhava of Sangamagrama find Leibniz formula for pi, and, using the 21 tribes, to calculate the value of π as 3.14159265359. 

Sources from Wikipedia.org / mathematics 

 

The people who contributed to the development of mathematics

Math actually show up when someone finds a problems that exist around us that involve quantity, structure, space, or change, just look at like how to make a house, do the calculations of how much the number of cattle, of exchange of goods with goods that require a science that is able to explain and resolve all these issues. In its website, Wikipedia writes in the beginning the problems were encountered in the trade, land measurement and later astronomy; now, all science suggests the problems studied by mathematicians, and many of the problems that arise in mathematics itself. For example, the physicist Richard Feynman path integral formula discovered quantum mechanics using a combination of mathematical reasoning and physical insight, and today's string theory, which is still evolving scientific theory that attempts to uniting four fundamental forces of nature, continues to inspire new mathematics.
 
Some mathematics is only consistent in the area inspired him, and applied to solve advanced problems in the region. However, sometimes even developed mathematical developments are not based on the discipline of mathematics itself. John Nash, found after the development of mathematics from the question of the dynamics of government in the economic field, and incorporates the general stock of mathematical concepts. Amazing fact that the mathematical "most pure" are turning to have practical applications is what Eugene Wigner called him as "Ineffective no logic Mathematics in the Natural Sciences".

As in most areas of mathematics assessment, a variety of disciplines such as engineering, physics, chemistry, economics requires a completion method in solving the problems that exist. One major difference between pure mathematics and applied mathematics is too focused in every issue that is too much scope to create a picture that includes the one area, it is too pure in learning mathematics, though it may be pure. Some coverage of applied mathematics have merged with their corresponding traditions outside of mathematics and a discipline that has its own right, including statistics, operations research and computer science.
 
Those who are interested in the mathematics often encountered a certain aesthetic in many aspects of mathematics. Many mathematicians talk about the elegance of mathematics, aesthetics of the lines, and the beauty of it. Simplicity and generality appreciated. There is beauty in the simplicity and elegance of the evidence provided, such as Euclid's proof of that is that there are infinite number of primes, and in an elegant numerical method that the calculation of the rate, the fast Fourier transformation. G. H. Hardy in A Mathematician's Apology expressed the belief that these aesthetic penganggapan, in itself, sufficient to support the assessment of pure mathematics

The mathematicians are working hard to find evidence of elegant theorems in particular, the quest Paul Erdős often dwell on the type of search the root of the "Bible" in which God had written his favorite proofs. Kepopularan recreational mathematics is another sign that the excitement is common when someone is able to solve math problems.

 
Call it that, in the development of mathematics is based on several algorithms that can be done easily, so the calculation is not too complicated as before. The approach used is an analytical approach in perspective, so it does not get out much of the rationale for the analysis of the mathematical fundament of thought, fancy Given that the algorithms developed in the mathematical method is inseparable from the ideas of earlier scholars, let's look at a wide range of mathematical scientists thought the results , among others:

 

Euler was responsible for many notations in use today. Modern notation makes mathematics much easier for the professional, but beginners often find it as something horrible. Solidification occurs very, very: few symbols contain a wealth of information

Al-Hassar. The first time he wrote the book called Kitab al-bayan-tadhkar wat. The book is a sort of handbook on the sum of the numbers, arithmetic operations related to numbers and fractions. This book is so phenomenal, so it occupies a very important role in the history of mathematics in North Africa. The second math book written by Al-Hassar titled Al-Kita-b al-kamil fi Sina `at al-` adad (complete book about the art of numerology). This book is the development of the first book he has written. Just as Al-Qurashi, the fruit is also thought Al-Hassar much influence on other mathematicians in the following centuries.

 

Algebra is the inventor of Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi. Algebra comes from the Arabic "al-jabr" which means "gathering", "relationship" or "completion" is a branch of mathematics that can be characterized as a generalization of the field arithmetic. Algebra is also the name of an abstract algebraic structure, namely the algebra in a field

 

Sir Isaac Newton. The work of his Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687 considered the most influential books in the history of science. This book laid the foundations of classical mechanics. In this work, Newton described the laws of gravity and three laws of motion which dominated the scientific view of the universe for three centuries. Newton was able to show that the motion of objects on Earth and outer space objects are set by the set of natural laws are the same. He proved it by showing the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion with the theory of gravity. His work was finally remove doubt scientists will heliosentrisme and advancing the scientific revolution.

In the field of mechanics, Newton sparked the principle of conservation of momentum and angular momentum. In the field of optics, he successfully built the first reflecting telescope and developed a theory of color based on the observation that a glass prism will split white light into other colors. He also formulated the law of cooling and studied the speed of sound.

 

Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann. was a German mathematician who made ​​important contributions to the analysis and differential geometry, some of which paved the way for further development of general relativity. His name is connected with the Riemann zeta function, Riemann integral, Riemann entry, Riemann manifold, Riemann mapping theorem, Riemann-Hilbert problem, Riemann-Roch theorem, Cauchy-Riemann equations, etc.

 

Paul A.M. Dirac. Born in Bristol, England, and studied electrical engineering there. Subsequently, he changed the interest and eventually studied mathematics and physics. He received his Ph.D. University of Cambridge in 1926.

After bringing the first paper on quantum mechanics Werner Heisenberg in 1925, Dirac immediately devise a more general theories and principles formulated in the following year according to Wolfgang Pauli exclusion principle of quantum mechanics. He studied the statistical behavior of particles which satisfy the Pauli principle, such as electrons. It was also studied independently by Enrico Fermi some time earlier. The result is called the Fermi-Dirac statistics to honor them both.

In 1928 a joint study Dirac theory of special relativity with quantum theory so as to produce a possible explanation of the theory of electron spin and magnetic moment of the electron and predicted the existence of a positively charged electron (positron). Carl Anderson discovered particles of the United States in 1932.

 

Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (March 21, 1768 - May 16 1830) was a French mathematician and physicist best known for starting the investigation of Fourier series and its application in heat flow problems. Fourier transformation is also named in his honor.

 

Source from http://wikipedia.org  

 

  

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