Understanding the Environment and the study of science analysis on environmental impact (EIA)

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Topic of today's on social evolutions, about the physical environment. And in this article we will discuss the interaction between the environment and society / human that are based on various phenomena in physics and chemistry, biology influencing socio-economic and cultural community and public health . And of some of these factors we can see that there are a specific scientific study aimed for analyzing all the issues in order to get the best solution to solve it.

Studies that discuss the science of human interaction with the environment itself is an environmental impact analysis, or in Indonesia is often abbreviated with the acronym EIA. However, before entering the EIA are, we should know what the sense of the environment itself.

In approach to words, environment is an area or a place where there are many different kinds of living things and small organisms (micro / nano organisms), each of which interact in a positive or negative . But most of all, many experts generally define environment is complex system in which various affect the reciprocal of each other and with people, animals and plants.

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According From our friend site`s (http://pengertian-definisi.blogspot.com/2011/10/lingkungan.html) Odum (1993) suggested that all of the ecosystem if the terms of the basic structure consists of four components. A similar statement expressed by Resosoedarmo et al. (1986) that the ecosystem in terms of its constituent consists of four components, namely components of abiotic, biotic components which include producers, consumers, and decomposers. Each of the components is described as follows:

Abiotic components (inanimate or non-biological), the physical and chemical components consisting of soil, water, air, sunlight, etc. in the form of medium or substrate for life. According Setiadi (1983), biotic components of an ecosystem can include inorganic compounds of elements such as land, water, calcium, oxygen, carbonate, phosphate, and various organic compounds bond. In addition, there are also the factors involved such as physical vapor, wind, and solar radiation.

Component manufacturers, namely autotrophic organisms which are generally in the form of green plants. Producers using solar radiation energy in the process of photosynthesis, so as to assimilate CO, and H20 produce chemical energy stored in carbohydrates. This chemical energy is actually a rich source of energy of carbon compounds. In the process of photosynthesis, the oxygen released by green plants and used by all living things in the process of breathing.

Consumer components, namely heterotrophic organisms such as animals and humans that eat other organisms. So-called consumer is all the organisms in an ecosystem that uses a synthesis (organic material) from manufacturers or from other organisms. Under that category, which includes the consumer are all kinds of animals and humans are present in an ecosystem. Consumers can be classified into: consumer first, customers second, a third of consumers, and micro-consumers (Resosoedarmo et al., 1986; Setiadi, 1983).

The first is a herbivore consumer groups, the animals that eat green plants. Examples of organisms, including herbivores are insects, rodents, rabbits, deer, cows, buffaloes, goats, zooplankton, crustaeeae, and molluscs.

The second is the consumer group of small carnivores and omnivores. Small carnivore, the animal's body size is smaller than large carnivores and eat other animals are still alive, such as dogs, cats, mbah, coyotes, birds, starlings, and crows. Omnivores, organisms that eat the herbivores and plants, such as humans and sparrows.

The third group of consumers is large carnivores (high-level carnivores). Large carnivores, the animals that eat or prey on small carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores, such as lions, tigers, wolves, and eagles.

Micro-consumer is a plant or animal that lives as a parasite, scavenger, and saproba. Parasites of plants and animals depend for food from its host somber. While scavenger and eat carrion saproba live with animals and plants that have died.

Component decomposition, which is dependent microorganisms to the organic material from dead organisms (animals, plants, and humans who have died). Degrading microorganisms are generally composed of bacteria and fungi. Based on the stage in the process of decomposition of organic material from dead organisms, the decomposing organisms consisting of decomposers and transformers (Setiadi, 1983).

Decomposers, ie microorganisms that invade the rest of the dead animals and plants die, then break down complex organic materials into simpler bonds, and the decomposition process that produces it is called humus humification. Transformer, the microorganisms continue the decomposition process by converting simple organic bonding of inorganic materials into a form that is ready to be used again by producers (plants), and the decomposition process is called mineralization which produce nutrients.

According to wikipedia Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a major study on the impact and importance of a business and / or planned activities on the environment necessary for decision-making process regarding business and / or activities in Indonesia. EIA was made when planning a project that is expected to give effect to the surrounding environment. What is meant here is the environmental aspect of Abiotic, biotic, and Cultural. The legal basis is Regulation No. EIA. 27 of 1999 on "Environmental Impact Analysis".

EIA documents consist of:

1.     Document Terms of Reference Environmental Impact Analysis (KA-ANDAL)
2.     Document Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA)
3.     Document Environmental Management Plan (RKL)
4.     Document Environmental Monitoring Plan (RPL)

EIA is used to:

    Materials for regional development planning
    Assist the decision making process on environmental feasibility of the proposed business and / or activities
    Provide input to the preparation of detailed technical design of the business plan and / or activities
    Provide input to the preparation of management plans and environmental monitoring
    Provide information to the public on the impacts of a proposed business or activity

The parties involved in the EIA process are:

1. EIA Assessment Commission, a commission charged with assessing the EIA document
2. Initiator, the person or legal entity responsible for a business plan and / or activities to be implemented, and  public concern, the affected communities for any decision in the EIA process.

 In practice, there are several things that must be addressed:

• Determination of criteria for mandatory EIA, currently, Indonesia using / implementing screening one step by using a list of activities required to EIA (scoping by one-step pre request list). The list of mandatory EIA can be seen in the Regulation of the Minister of Environment No. 11 of 2006
• If projects are not listed in the regulation, the UKL-UPL shall prepare, in accordance with State Minister of Environment Decree No. 86 of 2002
• Preparation of an EIA using an EIA in accordance with the Guidelines for Preparation of Chewing LH NO. 08/2006
• Authority of the assessment is based by Candy LH no. 05/2008