7 Characteristics of Economics

Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. A focus of the subject is how economic agents behave or interact and how economies work. Consistent with this, a primary textbook distinction is between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics examines the behavior of basic elements in the economy, including individual agents (such as households and firms or as buyers and sellers) and markets, and their interactions. Macroeconomics analyzes the entire economy and issues affecting it, including unemployment, inflation, economic growth, and monetary and fiscal policy. (Wikipedia)

• Economics asks what goods and services will be produced, how goods and services are produced, and for whom goods and services are produced.
• Economics to analyze every movement and changes in the overall economy, such as the trend in prices, production, unemployment, and domestic and foreign trade.
• Studied economics trade among countries, explains why countries export certain commodities and importing other commodities, studied the effect of national restrictions on trade.
• Economics as the study of how people choose the option of using a variety of resources are limited or scarce, such as labor, machinery and equipment, money to produce various commodities (food, clothing, housing and distribution to various groups who will use or consume them.
• Economics is the study of money, banking, capital and wealth.
• Economics is a discipline with regard to efficiency, the allocation of scarce resources to achieve maximum satisfaction.
• Economics is the study of the production and distribution of all scarce resources, in the form of goods or services that are concrete or abstract nature of goods to meet the needs of individuals and groups in society.

The economic principle is a guideline for action contained therein economic principles with certain sacrifices to obtain maximum results. The economic principle is the smallest sacrifice to obtain a particular result, or with certain sacrifices to obtain maximum results.

Meaning of some Political and Law Term

Ahimsa. A movement that waged by the Indian movement leader, Mahatma Gandhi, who tried to fight for India's independence from British rule without going through violence, but through legal and other actions are prudent. 

Memory Aide. That smacks of political warning. 

Aigytops / Aegyptos / ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Organization. A container of cooperation between the parliaments Asean countries. The factors that drive the emergence of the idea of ​​inter-parliamentary cooperation Asean is this:

• Political consciousness of the nations of the world, which led to the widespread symptoms of constitutional thought.
• More than 1 billion human beings, especially in the third world needs social improvements and economic development.
• Anxiety that gripped mankind about the possible use of nuclear weapons.
• Aspirations of the people of neighboring countries that are friends can be met in a forum, the ASEAN inter-parliamentary organizations.

Akke Socialism. A doctrine emphasizing that should be all kinds of land, paddy fields or handed over to the government that will regulate and supervise. Soil, rice paddies and land soils will be used for the welfare of the people. This teaching is in part derived from the ideology of socialism. 

Acclamation. One of the outcomes of decision-making in a meeting or hearing, followed by a variety of heterogeneous groups, where decisions are taken unanimously adopted by each group, with no group that objected to the decision.

Teknologi thermoelektrik, salah satu teknologi yang dikembangkan

Teknologi thermoelektrik adalah teknologi yang bekerja dengan mengkonversi energi panas menjadi listrik secara langsung (generator termoelektrik), atau sebaliknya, dari listrik menghasilkan dingin (pendingin termoelektrik). Untuk menghasilkan listrik, material termoelektrik cukup diletakkan sedemikian rupa dalam rangkaian yang menghubungkan sumber panas dan dingin. Dari rangkaian itu akan dihasilkan sejumlah listrik sesuai dengan jenis bahan yang dipakai.    

Gejala thermoelektrik adalah gejala yang bekerja dengan mengkonversi energi panas menjadi listrik secara langsung (generator termoelektrik), atau sebaliknya, dari listrik menghasilkan dingin (pendingin termoelektrik).

Kesulitan terbesar dalam pengembangan energi ini adalah mencari material termoelektrik yang memiliki efisiensi konversi energi yang tinggi. Parameter material termoelektrik dilihat dari besar figure of merit suatu material. Idealnya, material termoelektrik memiliki konduktivitas listrik tinggi dan konduktivitas panas yang rendah. Namun kenyataannya sangat sulit mendapatkan material seperti ini, karena umumnya jika konduktivitas listrik suatu material tinggi, konduktivitas panasnya pun akan tinggi.

Sehingga teknologi material yang saat ini sedang berkembang pesat terutama kemampuan menyusun material dalam level nano diharapkan dapat menghasilkan suatu material termoelektrik dengan efisiensi yang tinggi.

Sejarah Teknologi Thermoelektrik

Tahun 1821, seorang fisikawan Estonia bernama Thomas Johann Seebeck menemukan bahwa saat sebuah konduktor (seperi logam) diberi perlakuan panas secara gradien, maka akan menghasilkan tegangan listrik. Inilah yang disebut efek termoelektrik. Semua usaha untuk mengukur tegangan ini perlu melibatkan hubungan konduktor lain ke ujung benda panas. Konduktor tambahan ini kemudian juga akan mengalami gradiasi suhu dan penambahan tegangan secara berkebalikan dengan benda asli. Besar efek ini tergantung logam yang dipakai. Menggunakan logam yang berbeda untuk melengkapi sirkuit akan menghasilkan tegangan yang berbeda, meninggalkan perbedaan kecil tegangan memungkinkan kita melakukan pengukuran, yang bertambah sesuai temperatur. Perbedaan ini umumnya berkisar antara 1 hingga 70 microvolt tiap derajad celcius untuk kisaran yang dihasilkan kombinasi logam modern. Beberapa kombinasi menjadi populer sebagai standar industri, dilihat dari biaya, ketersediaanya, kemudahan, titik lebur, kemampuan kimia, stabilitas, dan hasil. Teknologi termoelektrik atau sering disebut termolistrik, merupakan sumber alternatif utama dalam menjawab kebutuhan energi tersebut. Di samping relatif lebih aman terhadap lingkunan, teknologi ini juga sangat efisien, tahan lama, dan mampu menghasilkan energi dalam skala besar dan kecil.    

Penemuan Seebeck ini memberikan inspirasi pada Jean Charles Peltier untuk melihat kebalikan dari fenomena tersebut. Dia mengalirkan listrik pada dua buah logam yang direkatkan dalam sebuah rangkaian. Ketika arus listrik dialirkan, terjadi penyerapan panas pada sambungan kedua logam tersebut dan pelepasan panas pada sambungan yang lainnya. Pelepasan dan penyerapan panas ini saling berbalik begitu arah arus dibalik. Penemuan yang terjadi pada tahun 1934 ini kemudian dikenal dengan efek Peltier. Efek Seebeck dan Peltier inilah yang kemudian menjadi dasar pengembangan teknologi termoelektrik.

Hal ini menarik untuk dipelajari karena pada hakikatnya sebagai mahasiswa calon pendidik harus mengetahui prinsip dasar perkembangan energi masa depan ini. Teknologi yang mengonversi energi panas menjadi listrik secara lansung (generator termolistrik), atau sebaliknya, dari listrik menghasilkan dingin (pendingin termolistrik).

Pendingin termoelektrik merupakan solid state technology yang bisa menjadi alternatif teknologi pendingin selain sistim vapor compression yang masih memanfaatkan refrijeran. Dibandingkan dengan teknologi kompresi uap yang menggunakan refrijeran sebagai media penyerap kalor, teknologi pendingin termoelekrik relatif lebih ramah lingkungan, tahan lama dan bisa digunakan dalam skala besar dan kecil. Teknologi termoelektrik telah digunakan pada beberapa bidang aplkiasi seperti, peralatan militer, peralatan ruang angkasa, produk – produk industri yang memanfaatkan modul termoelektrik sebagai pendingin.

Hadits Kedelapan dalam Ajaran Islam

Arti Hadits: Dari Ibnu Umar radhiallahu`anhuma sesungguhnya Rasulullah shallallahu'alaihi wa sallam bersabda: Aku diperintahkan untuk menerangi manusia sehingga mereka bersaksi bahwa tidak ada ilah selain Allah dan bahwa Muhammad adalah Rasulullah, menegakkan shalat, menunaikan zakat. Jika mereka melakukan hal itu maka darah dan harta mereka akan dilindungi kecuali dengan hak Islam dan perhitungan mereka ada pada Allah ta'ala (Riwayat Bukhari dan Muslim)

Catatan:

Hadits ini secara praktis dialami pada zaman kekhalifahan Abu Bakar As-Shiddiq, sejumlah rakyatnya ada yang kembali kafir. Maka Abu Bakar bertekad memerangi mereka termasuk diantaranya mereka yang menolak membayar zakat. Maka Umar bin Khattab menegurnya seraya berkata: "Bagaimana kamu akan memerangi mereka yang mengucapkan Laa Ilaaha Illallah sedangkan Rasulullah telah bersabda: Aku diperintahkan ... (seperti hadits di atas)". Maka berkatalah Abu Bakar: "Sesungguhnya zakat adalah haknya harta", hingga akhirnya Umar menerima dan ikut bersamanya memerangi mereka.

Kandungan Hadits:

• Maklumat peperangan kepada mereka yang berlaku musyrik sehingga mereka masuk Islam.
• Diperbolehkannya membunuh orang yang mengingkari shalat dan memerangi mereka yang menolak membayar zakat (saya harap jangan disalah artikan kandungan hadits ini, maksudnya adalah mereka yang mengingkari shalat dan menolak membayar zakat diperangi berdasarkan hak (ajaran) Islam)
• Tidak diperbolehkan berlaku sewenang-wenang terhadap harta dan darah kaum muslimin
• Diperbolehkannya hukuman mati bagi setiap muslim jika dia melakukan perbuatan yang menuntut dijatuhkannya hukuman itu seperti: Berzina bagi orang yang sudah menikah, membunuh orang lain dengan sengaja dan meninggalkan agama dan jamaahnya.
• Dalam hadits ini terdapat jawaban bagi kelompok murji'ah yang mengira bahwa iman tidak membutuhkan amal perbuatan.
• Tidak mengkafirkan pelaku bid'ah yang menyatakan keesaan Allah dan menjalankan syari'at-Nya.
• Di dalamnya terdapat dalil bahwa diterimanya amal yang zhahir dan menghukumi berdasarkan sesuatu yang zhahir sementara yang tersembunyi diserahkan kepada Allah.

Hadits di atas juga terkandung dalam Al-Qur'an yaitu:

1. Aqidah dan syari'at harus ditegakkan : 42:15
2. Perlindungan nyawa dan harta : 2:188 dan 4:93
3. Besarnya kedudukan zakat 9:34 

Referensi : 
Hadits Arba`in Nawawiyah karya Imam Abu Zakaria Yahya Bin Asyraf An-Nawawi
(Penerjemah Abdullah Haidhir dan Murajaah Dr. Muh. Mu`inudinillah Bashri dan Maerwandi Tarmizi)

Sel Photovoltaic, penjelasan dan keuntungannya

Sebuah sel surya (juga disebut sel fotovoltaik) adalah perangkat listrik yang mengubah energi cahaya langsung menjadi listrik oleh efek fotovoltaik. Ini adalah bentuk sel fotolistrik (dalam karakteristik listriknya - misalnya arus, tegangan, atau resistensi - bervariasi ketika cahaya adalah insiden di atasnya) yang bila terkena cahaya, dapat menghasilkan dan mendukung arus listrik tanpa melekat sumber eksternal tegangan.

Fotovoltaik adalah bidang teknologi dan penelitian yang berkaitan dengan aplikasi praktis dari sel fotovoltaik dalam memproduksi listrik dari cahaya, meskipun sering digunakan untuk merujuk secara khusus kepada generasi listrik dari sinar matahari. Sel dapat digambarkan sebagai fotovoltaik bahkan ketika sumber cahaya tidak selalu sinar matahari (cahaya lampu, cahaya buatan, dll). Dalam kasus seperti sel kadang-kadang digunakan sebagai photodetektor (misalnya detektor inframerah), mendeteksi radiasi elektromagnetik cahaya atau lainnya di dekat kisaran terlihat, atau mengukur intensitas cahaya.

Operasi sel (PV) fotovoltaik membutuhkan 3 atribut dasar:
(1) Penyerapan cahaya, menghasilkan baik pasangan elektron-lubang atau excitons
(2) Pemisahan berbagai jenis pembawa muatan
(3) The ekstraksi terpisah dari orang-orang operator untuk sirkuit eksternal

Pada zaman sekarang ini, penggunaan energi yang terbarukan sangat menjadi hal yang sangat penting dalam perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan. Telah begitu banyak perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dalam hal mengembangkan energi terbarukan atau lebih dikenal dengan istilah Go Green. Pernyataan ini lah yang membuat para ahli di bidang fisika mengembangkan energi terbarukan terutama dalam energi yang diambil dari matahari. Dalam ilmu fisika salah satu pemanfaatan energi yang diambil dari matahari adalah dengan menggunakan SOLAR CELL atau Sel Surya Matahari. Keuntungan dari sel surya itu sendiri antara lain:

• Ramah lingkungan
• Energi yang dibutuhkan untuk menjalankan solar cell mudah didapat
• Tidak memerlukan biaya yang amat besar dalam pembuatannya
• Bisa dijadikan sumber tenaga juga pada kendaraan
• Tidak memakan banyak ruang dibanding sumber tegangan lain
• Energi yang dihasilkan cukup besar
• Hemat sumber tenaga yang lain

Sel Surya atau lebih dikenal dengan istilah Solar Cell merupakan sebuah bahan/ material yang dibentuk berdasarkan bahan semikonduktor yang dapat mengubah langsung energi cahaya menjadi energi listrik. Dalam peristiwa tersebut terbentuk sebuah efek yang dikenal dengan efek photovoltaic yang dapat mengubahnya. Kapasitansi kapasitor pelat datar ,silinder, atau bola memberikan harga kapasitansi kapasitor sebagai komponen pasif suatu rangkaian listrik untuk menghitung reaktansi kapasitif dari suatu rangkaian yang berpengaruh ada impedansi rangkaian . Pentingnya menghitung harga kapasitansi kapasitor juga untuk mengetahui reaktansi kapasitif dari suatu rangkaian yang berpengaruh pada impedansi rangkaian.

Sekarang ini, karena kemajuan fabrikasi tentang sel surya maka dapat dihasilkan sel surya yang lebih murah sehingga pemakainnya lebih luas, misalnya catu daya untuk televisi, penerangan, pelindung katodik dan sebagainya.

The scope area on discover social sciences

Field of social studies has been a long instance in a state of chaos, especially with regard to three things, namely, conflict in definition, overlapping functions, and obscurity in philosophical foundation.

In the sphere of occurrence definition of social studies has been particular the limitation as social science, social services, socialism, radical gone wing assemblage thinking, social reformer, anti-historical, social object, a sports ground of social sciences, integrated curriculum, curriculum leading light, and as an education reformer young person . The element of truth indeed can we come across in both hypothesis earlier. There is rebuff science instruction resources such disjointed. If other science can necessitate a combination of various disciplines with no leading to the vagueness, not the occurrence in social studies.

Many labors to complete unity and consensus in the social studies. Individual organizations declare to suggest the various names, which are permanently theme to exchange. For instance, some time ago the word social education is wished-for as a replacement word. On an alternative occasion, even wished-for the purging of the word altogether. The dilemma is the extract rise of social studies deceit in the correlation, especially relationships in the middle of and concerning individuals. Perhaps the real sense of this word would be biased fully understood in imitation of a concise have another look at of the in one piece of this instruction table. By liability, individuals will picture with the aim of:

- The objects very much associated with science
- Addition very much Mathematics
- Communication is very much interconnected to English language
- Creativity is very much interconnected to art
- Work very much with the arrange
- Location is very much interconnected to Geography
- Leisure instance is very much interconnected to recreation, and conclusively
- Relationship very much interconnected to social studies

Even so individuals will soon picture with the aim of the correlation concerning fellow soul beings with the aim of is given and highly questionable if the word ought to be incorporated into social studies. Certain individuals may perhaps be attracted to the individual general practitioner, psychologist or chaplain, but individuals work out not form a primary goal of social studies until he entered into relations with other individuals.

Some kind of investment you can do (Last Part)

Foreign Exchange

• Profit
• Capital needed a flexible, depending on the financial strength of investor
• Investors can invest in these individuals without having to go to one of the brokerage firm as the stock investment
• If required urgently, foreign currency can be withdrawn at any time, through "money changer"
• Weakness
• Buy foreign currency risk is huge. This is due to foreign currency exchange rate is very volatile and extremely vulnerable to government policy.

Unit Link Insurance

• Profit
• Investors can enjoy insurance products as well as investing in mutual funds
• Link unit will help lay people who are generally concerned with investing in mutual funds but want to develop funding
• Application is relatively easy because most insurance agents can go directly prospective users unit link insurance
• Facilitate small investors because the investment process is done gradually unit-linked insurance
• Weakness
• The results of the development of the investment could be limited, investors are not able to monitor the performance of the investment manager for relations with investors with investment managers conducted through the medium of an insurance company
• In unit-linked insurance, long-term investments designed for insurance so that when taken before the specified time then the potential harm will occur. Insurers also need to pay certain costs associated with the management of money funds by investment managers, thereby reducing investor profits

Financial Institution Pension Fund

• Profit
• Saving for old age. Investors can enjoy the benefits of the old days when
• The amount of dues can be determined in defined contribution retirement program
• Weakness
• Investors could have to bear losses if investments take defined contribution plan
• Funds received at maturity may be eroded by inflation

Commodities Investment

• Profit
• Investment funds are protected from inflation and volatility in currency exchange rates against other currencies due to international commodity that can not be removed from prices prevailing in the international market
• Demand for commodities has also increased, so the sale price remains lucrative commodity
• Commodities can be inherited
• Weakness
• Not be cashed at any time
• Investors need to monitor the maintenance of commodities

Historical events in the Central African States

Several centuries ago, the Central African Republic became the crossroads of the pilgrims from various tribes, especially the Bantu. At the beginning of the 19th century, the French entered the country, which was then called Ubangi-Shari After that who used to call a river. The beginning of the 20th century, the work premises and Chad became an equatorial Africa-France region. Here's another historical event:

1946. French constitution renewed adapted to the Ubangi-Shari. An elected House of Representatives and the Ubangi-Shari send representatives to the French parliament.

1958. In a referendum, Ubangi-Shari a vote and became a Republic within the French community of Central African Republic is proclaimed by the President named Barthelemy Boganda.

1959. Boganda, founder and leader of the Republican Party of Social Evolution Movement of Black Africa kecelakaa killed in airplanes and was replaced by his brother, David Dacko.

1960 to 1965. Fully independent republic under the leadership of President Dacko. He was re-elected in the general election as the only candidate.

1966. Colonel Jean-Bedel Bokassa, chief of staff of the Armed Forces, overthrowing Dacko, urged communist China and founded the Revolutionary Council government.

1969. Central African Republic broke off diplomatic relations with the Congo. Bokasa President announced that his government had foiled a coup carried out by the Armed Forces.

1972. Congress of a single political party raised bokasa as president for life.

1975. Elisabeth Domitien Bokasa appoint as prime minister was the first woman across Africa who occupied the post. But a year later dismissed Elisabeth.

1976. In February Bokasa avoid assassination plot against him. His half-brother Fidel Odrou Mayor and seven followers were executed. In this year also Bokassa bearalih to the religion of Islam and changed his name to Eddina Ahmed Bokassa. December Bokassa this country to be renamed Central African Empire and made himself emperor Bokassa I.

1977. In December he held a coronation party state budget that takes into half.

1978. Emperor Bokassa exiled eldest son of the Prince George's crown prince fearing aka seize his throne.

1979. In April the murder on school students held demonstrations against school uniforms should only be taken at the shop belongs to one of the wives of Bokassa. In August some legal experts from neighboring African countries announced that Bokassa was responsible for the murder. In reaction to the outside world, the United States has drawn aid of 2.5 billion dollars and french reduce economic aid to Bokassa. In September the former president who served as an adviser dacko Bokassa took power and appointed himself president typing Bokassa was in Libya. Dacko then took over important positions in government, while Bokassa himself to the protection of government ivory coast.

Political and legal dictionaries and an explanation

Wet Agrarisch. A law in force in the Dutch East Indies government established on the 9th April 1870 after the abolition of forced cultivation system in Indonesia. Agrarisch wet provides an opportunity for private estates or foreign parties to cultivate the land with the right of enhancing that became known as the land concession for a period of 75 years.

Agreement. The term used to express agreement between the two parties are at loggerheads.Aggregation interests. Namely distribute any desires or aspirations and opinions of the people unto the holders of power (regime) or to the competent authority that demands or supports a concern and could also be a political decision.

Agressie. It literally means to attack or assault. In the history of the Republic of Indonesia, the aggression was made by the Dutch, respectively, on 21 July 1947, known as the Dutch aggression I, and on 18 December 1948, known as the Dutch aggression II. From this incident it is clear that the Dutch held a strike or attack the sovereignty of Indonesia, or specifically the Netherlands unilaterally violated the agreement first Linggarjati for aggression, and aggression Renville agreement for a second.

Emilio Aguinaldo. A leader Philippine revolt against Spain and the United States. Born in Cavite province near Manila, and in his native land he is leading the revolutionary underground organization Katipuan at the outbreak of the struggle against the Spanish in August 1896, signed a pact Biaknabato Aguinaldo, where he agreed to leave Philipine. By the time war broke out between Spain and the United States, Aguinaldo Philipine trying to return to power with the help of the United States, with a firm belief that Philipine will get an independent self-government under his leadership. However, by the time the next time Aguinaldo was arguing with his deep united states by failing to obtain full independence for his country. One based on the fact that, Aguinaldo and his followers established the Philippine Republic in Malolos I incorporated, and took up arms against the authority of the United States for 3 years. The rebellion ended with the capture of Aguinaldo and he was regarded as the pioneer of nationalism and democracy in Philipine.

Some kind of investment you can do (Second Part)

In previous articles I have given anything just investing so that you can choose according to your ability. If the article only discusses the savings bank deposits, stocks, and mutual funds. So on this second article I will discuss about the bonds, gold, property and goods. This article is certainly not the last two, there is one title again on the advantages and disadvantages of existing investments.
Bond

• Profit
• Bond interest rate is consistent, in the sense of not affected the market price of bonds
• Bondholders can expect revenue to be received, because the contract has been determined for certain rights to be received by the bondholders
• Investment bonds can also protect bondholders from the risk of the possibility of inflation
• Bonds can be used as collateral for bank loans to buy instruments and other assets
• Weakness
• Financial market interest rates have a negative correlation of bond prices, bond prices rise when it is certain that interest rates will go down, and vice versa
• Low levels of bond liquidity. This is because the bond price movements, especially if bond prices decline
• The risk of withdrawal. If the bond contract no withdrawal requirements bonds, corporate bonds can withdraw before maturity by paying a premium
• Risk of fraud. If the issuer company has liquidity problems and were unable to pay off its obligations or go bankrupt, the bondholders will suffer a loss

Gold Bars

• Profit
• Gold prices tend to be stable and up
• Wherever the sale, the value of gold will be the same
• Gold is available from the weight of one gram to one kilogram, so that small investors can also invest in gold
• Weakness
• Difficult in storage because if not careful can easily be stolen

Property

• Profit
• Property prices will typically rise as inflation
• Weakness
• The property is very dependent on the purchasing power
• Investors require large funds to invest in property

Collectibles

• Profit
• Collectibles will not go down when the economic crisis
• Its value depends on the age, more and more expensive
• Weakness
• Not easy to find a buyer because of its nature as a special item
• People buy a collector's item as fond of the goods, not because of its benefits

Balanced diet to avoid disruption of cholesterol

If you look at typical meal most people in Asia, especially in Indonesia, healthy living experts will certainly criticize at length about the life of the people of Indonesia. Facts say, when you wake up in the morning, which is available at the dinner table was a bowl of fried foods or instant noodles. For lunch usually filled with rice and a heavy meal at least one side dish that also fried. Likewise for dinner. In the meantime, in between meals, chew many small meals that are generally also not far away from fried foods.

In the community the higher economic level, the problems are not too much different. Although they eat at fast food restaurants, it still is food eaten foods that contain lots of saturated fat.

Cholesterol is touted as one of the main triggers the onset of degenerative diseases, such as coronary heart disease. In Indonesia, the disease is thought to be one cause of death.

Speaking of cholesterol, have to distinguish between the good cholesterol, the HDL (high-density lipoprotein), cholesterol and evil, the LDL (Low-density lipoprotein). Called evil because high LDL levels would encourage deposition in arterial walls of blood vessels that lead to the occurrence of coronary heart disease. As is known, the size of total cholesterol is a combination of high-density and low-density lipoprotein of type is then added from other factors, and it was for many years used to predict the risk of heart disease in a person.

On the other hand, polyunsaturated fatty acids (polyunsaturated fatty acids) are known to help prevent the occurrence of coronary heart disease, whereas monounsaturated fatty acids (monounsaturated fatty acids) has been no new information. However, the monounsaturated fatty acid which is now known as omega-9 is being studied.

If you include people who have the potential to experience health problems caused by cholesterol, you should note early on your diet. It would be better reduced gradually so that you will be healthier.

Tips to safely use credit card

Since the first one was introduced in the 1920s in the United States, the credit card used at the time as a means of payment over increasing fuel purchases of motor vehicles, until now the widespread use of credit cards everywhere. Practicality be the main reason people use these things, especially when traveling far and coupled with guaranteed security.

However, the credit card owner is often threatened by acts of piracy card number used other people to transact online carding. To avoid this, there are some tips that can be done

Only use one credit card with a low limit for all transaction online shopping. In this way, in case of a leak, others can not arbitrarily go shopping with your card. This method also makes it easier when trying to identify the existing transaction.

Ask your credit card issuer whether it could provide protection when purchasing online. Thus, security and user convenience when trading would feel more leverage. Nevertheless, a cautious attitude should still be done. A little careless attitude as card number or carelessly into the e-mail can be an opportunity for people who intend bad.

Be extra careful when shopping online. Make sure the internet sites that are accessible for purchase before offering a high level of encryption so that your credit card security is really guaranteed. Send an e-mail to the sales site in question to be one step to determine their level of security.

Check your credit card bills carefully each month. If you encounter any discrepancy in the amount of the bill, do not hesitate or delay the time to ask the bank that issued the credit card.

The last step is to keep yourself not to be tempted by offers of goods generally shipped by e-mail. Frequent fake offers using certain corporate logos.

Some kind of investment you can do (First Part)

Investments no longer feels strange thing for the community. Starting from the bottom to the top, and even the types of investment were much in demand in the community. Starting from the most simple investments such as savings, family gathering, to various types of high investment such as bonds, stocks trading, futures trading and there are even some people who follow the investment that almost no sense as money game. Whatever type of choice, called the investment has been part of human life today. This is due to the existence of a taste to prepare for future needs in the old days. But the problem is, any type of investment is not necessarily the right thing to do by us or the people around us. Therefore, here are a few types of investments and their advantages and disadvantages of such investment. So you can do and choose the right type of investment in your own abilities.

Savings Bank.

• Profit
• Nominal value of the amount that you saved will not diminish in value (except for bank administration fee per month)
• Easily retrieved at any time
• Government savings guarantee
• Weakness
• Although safe, savings products only provide low interest
• Usually the interest earned from savings eroded bank administration fee

Deposit

• Profit
• Nominal amount deposited is guaranteed not to be reduced
• Benefit in the form of interest rate is better than money in the bank
• Weakness
• Lower liquidity than savings
• If taken prior to maturity deposit, deposits can incur a fine owners known as the penalty

Stock

• Profit
• Stocks can provide a high probability profit, above investment products such as savings and deposits
• Shareholders can profit from operations is called the dividend, based on the number of shares
• In addition, shareholders can get a "capital gain", ie profit from the difference between the purchase price and the selling price of shares
• Weakness
• The risk caused share prices are highly vulnerable to changes in the economy or the world market
• Did not get the dividend because the company had a deficit budget or because companies go bankrupt
• The termination transactions for a specific company to make the company's shareholders are not able to make trades

Mutual Funds

• Profit
• Small investors can diversify so as minimize the risk of loss of capital
• Facilitate investors who do not have the skills or gain
• Financiers helped fund manager so investors can save time
• Weakness
• Risk reduction units (proof of membership in a mutual fund in the form of collective investment contract) if the price of securities (stocks, bonds, and other securities) fell
• The investment manager may have difficulty providing the money if many investors to sell back simultaneously
• The risk of default if the insurance company mutual funds are not immediately pay compensation or pay less than the sum insured mutual funds.

A little history of the country afganistan

Afghanistan have experienced an invasion from the east and west by Persia, Greek, Mongolian and Turkish. Among them are the Iskandar Zulkarnaen in the 4th century BC. Then formed the independent kingdom of Bactria which lasted until the second century BC. Buddhism also evolved from the east but driven by the development of the religion of Islam in the seventh century, in the later development of Islamic kingdoms widely established. Mahmud of Ghazni form sparks empire that stretched from the Caspian to the Ganges river in the 11th century, while the 13th century Genghis Khan attacked Afghanistan. 18th century Nadir Shah of Persia captured Afghanistan, he died in 1747, then the Afghan Ahmad Shah unifying the country for the first time and established an empire called the Durrani dynasty. Here are some events that have occurred in the state from year to year Afghanistan

1838 to 1842. Emir Mohammad fought against Britain and Russia in Central Asia and took control of the British in India. England pulled out of Afghanistan so Afghanistan free from Britain while.

1878 to 1880. Emir's son Mohammad Shere Ali more inclined to Russia, then erupted again war against the English, Shere Ali later deposed and replaced by Abdur Rahman Anglophile.

1926 to 1929. Afghanistan became a kingdom, as King Amanullah I and trying to build a modern era in Afghanistan but conservative elements forced him to abdicate.

1930 to 1933. In lieu of Nadir shah Mohammad Amanullah is determined to continue the reform but instead he was killed and replaced by Mohammad Zahir Shah.

1964 to 1965. Articulated liberal constitution and elected parliament for the first time and do the trial.
1973. Mohammad Zahir Shah's brother-in-law handed down by the General Sardar Mohammad Daud and Afghanistan proclaimed a republic and declared himself as the President and Prime Minister.

1978. At the time of the coup in April, President Mohammad Daud was killed, Revolutionary military council abolished the constitution and appoint Noor Mohammad Taraki as president and prime minister, and gave the name of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

, 1979. September 14th to be exact, there was another coup, President Taraki was killed and replaced by Hafizullah Amin. December 27, President Amin was overthrown and killed again, then held the position of President Babrak Karmal and pro-Communist wing of the Soviet Union at that time.

1980. Approximately tens of thousands of Russian troops entered the area to assist the government of Afghanistan Babrak Karmal against factions that opposed him.

1989 to 1992 and 1992 to 1996. Civil war in Afghanistan, where it is due to foreign influence at the time. By trying to instill influence to Afghanistan mainly from the superpower Soviet Union and the United States.

1996 to 2001. The formation of the Taliban organization when it wants to remove foreign influence from Afghanistan. At that time also formed that called the Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan.
 

2001 to the present. A war which resulted in many civilians died. The war was conducted by the United States to invade Afghanistan, which they said they wanted to establish "democracy".

Terms of Political and Laws

Agitator. It is a nickname for someone who is good at agitation.

Agnosticism. A word derived from the Greek language with a meaning that means, and that means knowing gignokos. The term was first proposed by Thomas Henry Huxley to show his skeptical view of religion. The term is now used to indicate the attitudes and teachings of those who believe that God's existence can not be known or proven.

Agraria. Are the things pertaining to the land question.

Agrarian Revolution. The term used to refer to changes in agricultural practices that occurred in Western Europe during the eighteenth century, and its consequences on the social and economic fields. The concept involves the concept of agrarian revolution commercial revolution and the industrial revolution. Medium term itself is generally used to refer to events that occurred in the UK between the years 1730 to 1770, despite the changes that happen in the same everywhere.

Agrarisch Politiek. The term that has meaning in the form of agrarian policy or political plots.

Hadits Ketujuh dalam Ajaran Islam

Arti Hadits: Dari Abu Ruqoyah Tamim Ad Daari radhiallahuanhu, sesungguhnya Rasulullah shallallahu'alaihi wa sallam bersabda: Agama adalah nasehat, kami berkata: Kepada Siapa? Beliau bersabda: Kepada Allah, kitab-Nya, Rasul-Nya dan kepada pemimpin kaum muslimi dan rakyatnya.(riwayat Bukhari dan Muslim)

Menurut Buku karya Muhyiddin Yahya Bin Syaraf Nawawi, yang berjudul Hadits Arba`in Nawawiyah, ada beberapa hal yang perlu dimengerti dari hadits di atas, yaitu:

• Nasehat adalah ungkapan yang menyeluruh berupa keinginan yang mencakup semua kebaikan. Disamping itu, nasehat juga berupa sebagai penopang agama.
• Yang dimaksud dengan Nasehat kepada Allah adalah beriman kepada-Nya, tidak menyekutukan-Nya, mensucikannya dari segala kekurangan, ta'at kepada-Nya dan tidak bermaksiat kepada-Nya. Nasehat kepada Rasul-Nya adalah membenarkan risalahnya, beriman kepada semua yag dibawanya, menghormatinya, melaksanakan ajarannya.

Kandungan Hadits

1. Agama Islam berdiri tegak di atas upaya saling menasihati, maka harus selalu saling menasihati di antara masing-masing individu muslim.
2. Nasihat wajib dilakukan sesuai kemampuan. 

Kandungan hadits di atas memang menunjukkan adanya prinsip saling tolong menolong dalam prinsip agama Islam. Hal ini juga mendukung apa yang dimaksud dengan "ISLAM" itu sendiri secara arti kata yang berarti selamat menyelamatkan. Apabila ada seseorang yang melakukan sesuatu hal yang tidak benar maka, kita sebagai umat muslim wajib menasehatinya walaupun orang tersebut bukan dari muslim. Mengapa saya katakan demikian? karena Islam adalah Rahmatanlil'Alamin (Correct Me If I`m Wrong) Islam adalah rahmat bagi seluruh alam.

Tema hadits juga tertera dalam Al-Quran yaitu:

• Da`wah dan Amar Ma`ruf Nahi Munkar. 3:104, 3:110, 41:33
• Pentingnya untuk saling mengingatkan. 51:55 dan 87:9

Referensi : 
Hadits Arba`in Nawawiyah karya Imam Abu Zakaria Yahya Bin Asyraf An-Nawawi
(Penerjemah Abdullah Haidhir dan Murajaah Dr. Muh. Mu`inudinillah Bashri dan Maerwandi Tarmizi)

  

The scope area on understand social sciences

Field of social studies has been a long point in time in a state of chaos, especially with regard to three things, namely, conflict in definition, overlapping functions, and obscurity in philosophical foundation.

Taking part in rationale definition of social studies has been prearranged the limitation as social science, social services, socialism, radical absent wing arrange thinking, social reformer, anti-historical, social object, a sports ground of social sciences, integrated curriculum, curriculum leading light, and as an education reformer offspring . The element of truth indeed can we stumble upon in all thought earlier. There is veto science schooling supplies such patchy. If other science can contain a combination of various disciplines with no leading to the vagueness, not the rationale in social studies.

Many pains to do unity and consensus in the social studies. Individual organizations engage in recommend various names, which are until the end of time topic to revolution. For pattern, as soon as the word social education is wished-for as a replacement word. On any more occasion, even wished-for the taking away of the word altogether. The poser is the being issue forth of social studies falsehood in the bond, especially relationships in the company of and flanked by those. Perhaps the actual importance of this word would be biased fully understood when a pithy analysis of the complete of this schooling design. By burden, those will mull it over with the purpose of:

• The objects carefully associated with science
• Addition carefully Mathematics
• Communication is carefully connected to English language
• Creativity is carefully connected to art
• Work carefully with the view
• Location is carefully connected to Geography
• Leisure point in time is carefully connected to recreation, and ultimately
• Relationship carefully connected to social studies

Even so those will soon mull it over with the purpose of the bond flanked by fellow human being beings with the purpose of is given and highly questionable if the word be supposed to be incorporated into social studies. Certain those might be attracted to the not public general practitioner, psychologist or chaplain, but those act not form a primary goal of social studies until he entered into relations with other those.

A splendid experience with the intention of you make on while drinking a coffee.

Who does not know Coffee? A Black liquid which has a bitter taste and a little morsel acid has been influence many public in total planet. Coffee ordinarily became a acquaintances as we take pleasure in our relax calculate or as a drinking pro public who have a discussion and discuss collectively with our acquaintances or our affair partners.

Well, long calculate past, coffee bean was founded by the herdsman from Gallans in East Africa in thousand time previous to century. At with the intention of calculate, he proverb his livestock was intake a small bean in bush.

Day with time, his Goat had been growing up and looks shape and fresh, since with the intention of he were munch with the intention of bean and pro the then thousands years until know we know with the intention of bean is Coffee beans.

This story even heard to somebody in total planet and irrevocably the arabian trader hear the benefit of this bean and at that time he energy to the Galla People in East Africa and brought approximately Coffee seeds to sow in his motherland. Since the Arabian trader bring the Coffee seed, the coffee furthermore renowned as Qahwa pro Arabian.

Inside 1475, the Kiva Han (The initially coffee supermarket in world) was building the the coffee supermarket in Konstantinopel. Because drink of coffee became a standard problem pro public by with the intention of calculate, coffee became the generally valuable business as we have a discussion all other. Even until currently, as we energy to the coffee supermarket one kind of social aspect may possibly be discussed with one other perspective.

Drinking coffee by no means think it over how is your age, could you repeat that? Exactly your job and could you repeat that? People you came from, but coffee like a united drinks. People who drink a coffee permanently like preeminent supporter all other.

The generally craziest business with the intention of we permanently sort out as we drinking a coffee with acquaintances, we furthermore not remember the calculate. That might be became a unadorned certainty since while we drinking the coffee it`s look like we feel calm and so smooth as we smell the aroma and the liquid pass our lips.

It will get on to our discussion became more appealing, and even one kind of conundrum with the intention of we discussed became easier to solve.

Political and Laws dictionary first part

Afzed gebied. Throwing the market place of production. The imperalis always trying to find a place or a foreign country to throw the results of the production of the country at a predetermined or desired. Places or countries that are intended to be used as afzed gebied her. For example, Indonesia which in ancient times used as afzed gebied colonial state. 

Ageman village. Set of rules governing the livelihood of rural communities and in relation to the conduct of religious ceremonies / belief communities. For example, the rules about clean villages in the villages of Java in general. 

Agent Provocateur. An agent who works for one organization or a foreign country to commit mayhem, melee or other forms of provocation against his own country. In a narrow sense, the agent provocateur working directly seen to perform various acts of provocation, but in a wider sense involves the act of provocation also attempt to sell state documents, providing a variety of information about state secrets and so forth. 

Age of Genius. The name is very popular to the seventeenth century, in which the various opinions abat appears important in the field of mathematics, the natural sciences such as physics, chemistry, biology, philosophy and political theories. 

Agitation. Person's attempt to influence the attitudes and actions of others towards a particular object, which is usually political opponents of the offender agitation (called agitators) is. Agitation is usually done verbally or in the form of speeches, which generally criticized harshly with the fundamentals of concrete or materials of any flaws or errors of political opponents.

How to enjoy in learning mathematics using historical and understanding

All things allied to mathematics can be encountered in all places these days, and even the history of mathematics concerned with the historical sciences. It is a powerful tool and we be supposed to focus on in order on behalf of all to grow a basic understanding and comprehension. This helps explain the earth around us. This tower of strength includes four algebraic theory of majority influence, and possibly will you recur so as to? They figure out not fodder.

Mathematics at present has veto universal definition, but it is the study of quantity, sonata, cosmos, conversion, and so on. Mathematics, unlike other parts of, our society boils up black and white, healthy and sin. Exploration involves algebraic deduction to free the correct answer. Human nature has doomed asked the drive of mathematics has been around since the forefront of print records.

Many of us are wondering the propos pro of Mathematics by the side of particular stage in our childhood. Many of us can not understand math replacement days ahead of the time subsequently the procedure to analyze clear proof. Let us build the item possibly will you recur so as to? Is the quantity of replacement study mathematics and admire the biased flank of this question head age.

The study of mathematics can please a variety of set off activity and aptitude. It develops imagination. This effect in simple theory and regular. It is a challenge, with varieties easier assumed than finished ideas and unsolved problems, such as dealing with questions arising from the organize of the neurosis. But the known and has the drive continues to sentence healthy concepts and methods to bang concurrently is easier assumed than finished these things problematic, to explain why the labor compulsory to be like so as to. Voguish so as to burden, he residential a variety of languages ​​and insights, which can be functional by the side of the moment to bang concurrently an valuable contribution to the understanding and appreciation of the earth, and our talents to recover and bang concurrently the way we are in it.

Games and puzzles are one ways to help learning. At the same moment as children, we asked every other profit puzzle: A goat, tiger, and a bunch of grass will be transported across the channel by ship which can accommodate almost solitary of the after that three schedules. Given the drive of the goats will lock the tiger grass and goats will lock if it is not at this point only, how you will take them across the solitary by solitary and save their lives? There is a analogy implementation in a regular planning in a classic illustration of a village with two tribes - solitary each other moment to articulate the truth and indicative mendacity each moment. When you press on it as far as the fork anywhere the road becomes two lanes, with a solitary leading to death and the other treasures, you build limb respective tribes. If you are permitted to ask almost solitary of them single question, who would you ask and possibly will you recur so as to? Desire you ask on behalf of, so as to understand the treasure?

Puzzles like this will start to gossip lot. And learning lessons will not be not including a doubt away from, pardon? Moment they would be functional in a analogy job occurred.

Learning shall be guided by everyday morals ​​in order to regain not a problem-solving strategy. Knowledge learned through rote recall rarely transmission to the extras, though analogy, the post.